History & Systems Exam Ii

Front 1

Founder of Structuralism:

Back 1

Titchner: brought Wundtian psych. to USA.

Structuralism, The elements of mind. More introspection, must use analogy to animals as well, at least higher animals. Different psychologies for language, myth, custom, races, abnormality.

Front 2

Introspection:

Back 2

Trained to think and say what you are thinking about.

Front 3

Wundt's big mistake was?

Back 3

introspection.

Front 4

Psychological realities are built of elements: sensations from perceptions, which form ideas, affections for me motions. Sensations include quality, intensity, clearness, duration. Mapping of things, e.g.: tongue

Back 4

Titchner

Front 5

primary versus secondary attention

Back 5

primary is automatic secondary is voluntary.

Front 6

Primary attention

Back 6

according to Titchner primary attention is involuntary and typically it activated by a sudden or strong stimulus.

Front 7

Secondary attention

Back 7

according to Tichenor, secondary attention is learned and persists under difficult conditions e.g. staying alert while studying even under noisy circumstances.

Front 8

Introspection

Back 8

a species of observation, but the subject to be observed is in experience itself. Thus, introspection is a kind of " looking in" to identify elements of experience and the way these elements combine, or the processes and adaptations of experience.

Front 9

true or false. Ebinghaus did data driven work not theory driven.

Back 9

True.

Front 10

Kulpe:

Back 10

Holist. higher processes, eg; mental set: Where you have habits of mind you just can't get rid of.

Front 11

Who was the founder of functionalism?

Back 11

Dewey. Reflex as continuous process. Premier educator. Not a reductionist. US psychologist and philosopher and a key pioneer in the functional school of thought. Dewey argued for a process oriented psychology emphasizing the study of adaptation. He argued against the concept of elements, whether they be units in consciousness or in the reflex.

Front 12

William James ( 1842–1910)

Back 12

US psychologist and philosopher who was the author of several classics in both fields. James wrote the principles of psychology and is one of the most influential books in the field. His the" varieties of religious experience and talks to teachers" are pioneering efforts in the psychology of religion and educational psychology. His philosophical pluralism, pragmatism, and radical empiricism are still deeply imprinted in US psychology and philosophy. Radical empiriscist.

Front 13

Who said habit is the flywheel of behavior?

Back 13

William James.

Front 14

Who was the founder of forensic and industrial psychology?

Back 14

Munsterberg. Student of Wundt. applications of functionalism to daily life.

Front 15

who was the founder of developmental psychology?

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G. Stanley Hall. He was a functionalist. Evolutionary perspective. Looks at the whole lifespan.

Front 16

Hall's thought?

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That ontogeny recaps phylogeny biological methods to address the child and animal storm and stress and adolescents. Treatment of the elderly. Methods later adopted by Piaget.

Front 17

Bill James formula for self-esteem

Back 17

self-esteem= successions

pretensions

Front 18

pretensions?

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what you feel you ought to be doing.

Front 19

James-Lange Theory

Back 19

See the stimulus, ie: a bear, then you run>then the perception of your bodily change is the emotion. Wrong! but does have a mechanism.

Front 20

Who believed in instincts?

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James. any innate knowledge. Instincts-citation of imprinting born w/ some stuff that is innate but not everything. James believed all was instinct.

Front 21

SOR

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Woodworth. SOR stimulus filtered through organism response.

Front 22

Prediction and Control

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Watson

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Cattell

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Mental testing. Factor analysis.

fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Front 24

Who was the father of behaviorism?

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Watson

Front 25

Founder of Classical Conditioning

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Pavlov

Front 26

Performance is what we see being driven by?

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process, process does not necessarily equal performance.

Front 27

American psychologist developed the 1st term called behaviorism

Back 27

Thorndike

Front 28

laws of exercise

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connections weekend or strengthened through use. Thorndike

Front 29

Thorndike law the fact

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back to arete of cyrene you get rewarded you don't quit, you punished you quit.

Front 30

Thorndike. Checked of psychology of the observable needs to be?

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Public and replicable and observable.

Front 31

Thorndike: actions of living organisms=

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observable, includes thoughts as long as you record them.

Front 32

Thorndike: connectionism

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stimuli are connected to responses–cats in the puzzle box.

Front 33

Thorndike: truncated law of effect–

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removes punishment part. Says punishment is not effective. The only thing that works is reward.

Front 34

Thorndike: worried that behaviorism would become a?

Back 34

restrictive orthodoxy. You'd have to have very specific roles.

Front 35

Who was the animal psychologist that studied seabirds?

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John B Watson. Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Formal founding of American behaviorism, a restrictive orthodoxy.

Front 36

Watson's thoughts

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prediction and control. Habit systems is what he feels drives your behavior, Little Albert, stimulus, response, and the black box.

Front 37

Who proved that S-R does happen in humans?

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Watson. Baby Albert. Watson beginning of American behaviorism.

Front 38

Hormic( innate) urges and mechanistic learning domain specific theory.

Back 38

McDougall

did not work

Front 39

studied only observable human behavior. Did not agree with Watson.

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Meyer.

Did not work

Front 40

the "wish" as an unspecified but clearly behavioral mechanism.

Back 40

Holt. you wish to have the knowledge, you wish to get a diploma, you wish to get married etc.

Front 41

dominant figure in psychology 1930–1950, mathematical, deductive psychology. He wants quantitative connections, what's the number?

Back 41

Clark Hull

Front 42

Clark Hull: quantitative connections between S-R and such intervening variables as drive, fatigue, habit strength, codified as?

Back 42

equations

Front 43

who created the law of reinforcement

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Hull. creates the law of reinforcement, stimuli that reduce drive are reinforcing.

Front 44

Hull: Experiments on extinction and on insight; insight as reducible to elementals. Criticisms of his method as?

Back 44

sterile and artificial.

Front 45

Who was trying to out Watson, Watson?

Back 45

Hull

Front 46

who wants to outdo Hull?

Back 46

ER Guthrie. Wants to outdo Hull.

Front 47

who restricted his science solely to S-R?

Back 47

DR Guthrie. Reinforcement per se is not causal.

Front 48

ER Guthrie: law of contiguity

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connections are learned when stimuli are arranged as effect of cues for desired response.

Front 49

Founder of latent learning or observational learning.

Back 49

EC Tolman

Front 50

Latent learning–

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learning by virtue of exposure. Cognitive maps. a term employed by Edward Chace Tolman referring to learning that has occurred but is not observed because environmental conditions have not been favorable to its display. When environmental conditions change appropriately, such learning, heretofore unobservable, may now show itself.

Front 51

Cognitive maps

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a term employed by Edward Chace Tolman referring to mental representations of the environment that make it possible for an animal to grasp relationships and locations.

Front 52

Contiguity

Back 52

refers to close temporal or spatial conjunction

Front 53

EC Tolman

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*Rejection of straight stimulus response formula

*cognitive behaviorism–too much left out of Watson's formula.

*Molar behavior, more global responses, as cognitive and hostile.

* Psychological processes as intervening variables.

* Connection of rigorous methods to a more believable psychology.

Front 54

Radical behaviorist famous for operant conditioning

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BF Skinner: founder of operant or instrumental conditioning.

Front 55

BF Skinner

Back 55

*radical behaviorism.

* Work on operant conditioning.

*founder of operant and instrumental conditioning.

*The Skinner box and the cumulative recorder. Shaping animals behavior with operant conditioning.

*the air crib and the pigeon bomb

schedules and types of reinforcement.

Walden 2

*The invention of behavior therapy.

Front 56

Who said survival of the fittest?

Back 56

Spencer

Front 57

Gestalt

Back 57

whole, structure, configuration, pattern. Holistic.

Front 58

Gestalt therapy

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a form of there becoming out of the work of Fritz Perls and having little or nothing in common with Gestalt psychology.

Front 59

Wertheimer 1910

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founder of the gestalt school of thought and author of the influential book, productive thinking.

Front 60

who said; ” insight involves reframing.”

Back 60

Wertheimer

Front 61

the PHI phenomenon

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apparent movement illustrated by successive activation of 2 stationary lights placed in close spatial conjunction. Phenomenally, what is seen is movement from the 1st to the 2nd light.

E.g. the box Dr. sharps drew on the board.

Front 62

AHA experience

Back 62

point of insight

Front 63

Kohler

Back 63

the mentality of apes. The method should fit the problem. The stages of problem–solving and the AHA experience> point of insight. health thought arises from the primitive–(incubation) develops that the method is the problem.

Front 64

Kurt Koffka ( 1886–1941)

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pioneering gestalt psychologist remembered especially for introducing Gestalt psychology to the English-speaking world and for the extension of Gestalt theory into the field of developmental psychology.

Front 65

Gestalt laws:

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figure–ground, proximity, similarity, closure, pragnanz.

Front 66

law of Pragnanz

Back 66

according to Wertheimer, refers to the idea that perceptual organization tends to be as good as possible under prevailing conditions. Thus, perceptual organization is as orderly, coherent, and economical as possible under prevailing conditions.

Front 67

perceptual studies. Sensorimotor learning, configuration, not S-R.

Back 67

Koffka