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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Ethics?
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principles, norms and standards of conduct governing an individual or group. They're ground rules to how we are relate to ppl. Subject of ethics deals with promoting human welfare.
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What drives ethical behavior?
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ethical behavior is VALUE DRIVEN. They are the ground rules to how we are going to relate to other ppl.
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Where do ethics pretain to?
Who do they pretain to? |
varies among moral reasoning approaches (across cultures). Ethical dilemmas arise as tests of personal tests and values
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What are Values?
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are broad beliefs about what is appropriate behavior.
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Define - Ethics and Law?
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law is society's minimum standards of business conduct. Big overlap of ethical and legal, just bc it's legal doesnt mean it's right
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What is the economics theory?
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managers should maximize profit and corporate officials should do what's best for the shareholders and employee should ind. give to charities of choice
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What is the deontological theory?
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greek for obligation or duty, one's duty to do what's right.
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What is consequentialism?
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consequences of particular action form basis for any valid more judgement
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The utilitarian theory?
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moral worth of actions det. solely by overall utility. Ends justify the means, QUANTITIVE APPROACH, greatest good for most ppl
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Moral Resoning Appoaches
justice - ? |
does it show fairness and impartialtity? procedural j - looks at process. distributive justice - looks at outcomes. interactional justice - looks at person who influences
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Lecture 4
justice view? |
"pay is something that upsets them the most" does a dec or beh. show fairness, proced. justice/dist j/interactiimal j PAY - r and beh to find out why pay doesnt satisfy employee
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what is the Moral rights view?
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ethical beh respects and protects fundamental rights example: John Locke (philosopher)
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The Corporate Social Responsiblity - a pyramid of SR
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Top to Bottom. Philanthropic(be good citizen) - Ethical(be ethical) - Legal Resp.(obey the law) - Economic Resp.(be profitable)
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Types of CRS?
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cause promotions - provides resources to increase awareness and concern for social issure ex: JOhn's shoes/MTV/Project Red
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Define CR- Marketing
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commits to making a contribution or donating certain percent to spec. cause.
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What are the prevailing justifications for CSR?
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moral obligation -right thing
sustainablility - environ/community stewardship - needs of present do not jeop. future notion of license - permission to do bus. rep - improve image strengthen brand recruiting top talent |
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What/When is 100 best corp. citizens lists?
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published annually/ evaluation of environment
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whats the agreement against CSR?
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lowers econ efficiency/profit. imposes unequal costs among competitors.
imposes hidden costs passed on to shareholders req skills bus may lack |
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Intro chapter to Course Packet
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8 PARTS:
1. Define Key terms 2. Ethics Background to Dec Rules 3. Decision Rules 4. Guides to Help Avoid Rationalizations 5.What diff does my dec. make? 6.Guides to Resolving Complex Cases 7. Ethics and Laws 8. Four Levels of Ethical Inquiry in Bus |
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Part 1 :Defining Key Terms
what is morality |
morality refers to the the (implicit/explicit) norms ppl use to guide their behavior in a given context. Act according to moral norms w/out careful thought bc actions are widely accepted. Provides - "invisible infrastructure of norms and precepts" - Lynn Paine
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what is ethics?
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refers to the conscious and reflective activity of making good decisions and justifying our actions. Careful analysis and reason-giving is needed to det. approp. actions. Ethical analysis req when unclear whats right or conflicts between competing moral norms
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Part 2: Ethics Background to Decision Rules
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3 emphases for analysis:
Actions/Agent/Purposes and consequences of actions |
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What are they broken up to be? Explain each
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Standards of conduct(actions)/Character and virtue(agents)/Purposes and Consequences(ends)
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Standards of Conduct; what branch of ethical though does it focus on?
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Actions ppl take and tries to determine if a given act is ethically acceptable regardless of consequences.
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define deontology and tell what branch of ethical thoguht it focuses on.
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In moral philosophy, the school of though that focues on this aspect of ethics - the means or actions we use to pursue goals. Follows Actions --> standards of conduct
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What is an example of the Standards of Conduct?
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10 commandments. western morality - influenced by judaism/christianity. East - islam/hindu/buddhism/confuction
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What does moral conflict describe for entail ?
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Most moral dilemmas, conflict is between 2 compelling morally GOOD actions rather than between good vs evil
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Character and Virtue describes and is related to which branch of ethical thought?
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describes human AGENTS. termed character or human nature ethics focuses on the ind.
1. Strength of Character 2. Virtures 3. Integrity |
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Character and Virtue: what is strength of character?
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refers to the fortitude that allows ind to adhere to convictions or moral standards (Agents)
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Character and Virtue: what are Virtues?
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forms of human excellence- traits that are morally commendable. Traits that take years of effort and training
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Character and Virtue: what is Integrity?
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this is a central aspect of good character. integrity means wholeness or the sense that you have a clear conscience and can affirm who you are and what you have done.
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Purposes and consequences focus on what of the the 3 emphases of analysis?
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focuses on purposes or "ends" we set and the need to try to achieve them through our actions. Moral worth is determined by Consequences.
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The phrase "the ends justify the means" describes which branch of ethics?
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it's under Purposes and Consequences... know as "consequentialism"
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What is most famous branch of "Consequentialism", and what branch is it under for ethics.
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Utilitarianism - creating the most favorable balance of benefit over harm. Heavily influenced econ.
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What are the two core features of Purposes and Consequences? And define them.
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1.Morally defensible purposes - ppl need to be certain that purposes or ends they set are morally defensible.
2. Creating favorable consequences - ppl need to make decisions that create most favorable consequences to their purpose. |
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What are the 3 strands of ethics? and what do they provide?
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standards of conduct/ character and virtue/ purposes and consequences. provide moral insight, not enough to live by. Capture important elements of moral life, yet each has it's limitations.
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Part 3: Decision Rules What do dec. rules consist of? What are their focus?
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they're tools for analysis. Developed from the 3 trad of ethics in part 2. Focus is to help MANAGERS identify issues, make decisions, and take action.
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Gluteus minimus
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O: inferior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter A: (synergist) abduction, flexion, medial rotation |
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Character and Virtue: what is strength of character?
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refers to the fortitude that allows ind to adhere to convictions or moral standards (Agents)
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Character and Virtue: what are Virtues?
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forms of human excellence- traits that are morally commendable. Traits that take years of effort and training
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Character and Virtue: what is Integrity?
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this is a central aspect of good character. integrity means wholeness or the sense that you have a clear conscience and can affirm who you are and what you have done.
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Purposes and consequences focus on what of the the 3 emphases of analysis?
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focuses on purposes or "ends" we set and the need to try to achieve them through our actions. Moral worth is determined by Consequences.
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The phrase "the ends justify the means" describes which branch of ethics?
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it's under Purposes and Consequences... know as "consequentialism"
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What is most famous branch of "Consequentialism", and what branch is it under for ethics.
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Utilitarianism - creating the most favorable balance of benefit over harm. Heavily influenced econ.
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What are the two core features of Purposes and Consequences? And define them.
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1.Morally defensible purposes - ppl need to be certain that purposes or ends they set are morally defensible.
2. Creating favorable consequences - ppl need to make decisions that create most favorable consequences to their purpose. |
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What are the 3 strands of ethics? and what do they provide?
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standards of conduct/ character and virtue/ purposes and consequences. provide moral insight, not enough to live by. Capture important elements of moral life, yet each has it's limitations.
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Part 3: Decision Rules What do dec. rules consist of? What are their focus?
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they're tools for analysis. Developed from the 3 trad of ethics in part 2. Focus is to help MANAGERS identify issues, make decisions, and take action.
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Define Decisions Rules
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they're frameworkds for understanding and analyzing the moral dimensions of a given situation. help you:
1. ident clear theme 2. raise Qs 3. provide basis to make decision Should be seen as complementary to other modes of bus. |
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define responsibility.
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term that captures the expectations, duties, and obligations we place on people
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what is dec. rule number 2?
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character and relationships. core idea that firms have to walk-the-talk and find ways of doing business that enable them to embody the traits to which they aspire.
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dec. rule number 2: what question of purpose is important?
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"what do we want to achieve" but takes on diff quality "who do we want to be"
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2 important parts of the decision rule number 2
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identifying key character traits and relationships and character
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what is a core ingredient of both morally sound interations and successful organizations?
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the ability to develop and maintain pos relationships
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What is dec. rule number 3? who are they central to?
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Purposes and Consequences. Managers and the core stakeholders connected to the firm.
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dec. rule number 3 importance of morality?
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underscores importance of selecting the appropriate purposes to direct managerial action and taking actionsthat create consequences
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Dec. rule #3: Who are stakeholders?
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ind. or groups who can afeect the activity of the corporation. key contingents of the firm.
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dec. rule #3: why is it important to do a stakeholder anaysis?
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it's a helpful way for managers to identify relevant purposes and consequences in a given case.
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dec. rule #3: what does a stakeholder analysis consist of?
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list the relevant stakeholders in the case, hiighlight their purposes(what they want), and consider likely courses of action in terms of thos purposes.
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dec. rule #3 - is a stakeholder analysis presuppose that one is commiteed to either a stakeholder or a stockholder view?
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no dec. rule number 3 only asks that you look at the interests of the various groups and make dec. w/ that info.
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Summary of Decisions Rules. What do they do? Why is there tensions between dec. rules?
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help capture what is going on. Tensions are caused because of the desire to create good conseq. for core stakeholders and other 2 dec. rules.
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When are decision rules a problem?
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when managers face sig. incentives or pressures to bend the rules or adopt unsavory practices. Managers need to consider choices of the aud. in question
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What is Part 4 and it's branches
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Guides to Help Avoid Rationalizations. They're a common pitfall in dec. making.
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Part 4: what does rationalizations mean?
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refers to the process of convincing oneself that a dec is fair and defensible, when it only helps the ind. or easy way out.
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Part 4: what tests and methods have been used by philosophers and ethicists for revealing rationalizations?
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Publicity Test and Reversibility and Generalizability
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part 4: could you defend choice if made public?
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Publicity Test. tries to make you scrutinize your reasoning by raising tough questions that might be avoided.
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part 4: Could you defend your reasoning if you were on the losing end of your decision?
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Reversibitity. tries to help managers make decisions that are fair and can be defended in public. It's the person on the losing end who can endorse reasons for decision.
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part 4: Could you defend using this same reasoning in similar cases?
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Generalizabiltiy. Raises issue of consistency ansd asks if parties are will to make a precedent out of decision.
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part 4: which test to reveal rationalizations is one that will remain a problem until you can develop a rationale that you can apply consistently across cases
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Generalizability test.
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Part 5: what is part five
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what difference does my decision make
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part 5: what "do" ethics at all if theres no real and quick answer?
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1. held acct. by various stakeholders
2.ethics talk is helpful 3.ethical problems are part of the job 4. Personal Integrity 5. Legal reasoning is often inadequate |
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What issue in the packet is brought up about a particular sit. in the movie City Slickers
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Personal Integrity, a branch of part 5: what diff does if make? Simile discribes billy crystal turning down dream girl bc his conscience couldn't handle it.
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part 5: Legal reasoning is often inadequate
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having an adoptive law-based approach could spell trouble w/ respect to others
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part 6: what is part 6
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Guides to resolving complex cases. These cases have numerous right answers and various array of stakeholders can intterupt.
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part6: what must be done to weigh and compare diff obligations to best solve a conflict?
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follow the six steps to help formulate a defensible rationale for making choices.
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part 6: what's the 1st guide to help clarify one's responsibilities and make the right choice?
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what are the key facts in the situation? managers need the most complete info possible. watch for accuracy, completeness, biases and assumptions of info
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part 6: what's the 2nd guide to help clarify one's responsibilities and make the right choice?
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process and involvment in dec.-making? Process just as imp. as decision itself. attention to stakeholders is a must. watch for authority, consultation, and participation.
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part 6: what's the 3rd guide to help clarify one's responsibilities and make the right choice?
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is there any documented org. guidance? look in company's statements, credos, or standards of conduct that spell out the priorities and values of the firm.
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part 6: what's the 4th guide to help clarify one's responsibilities and make the right choice?
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what action best meets my primary obligations? A lot of fundamental decisions that managers make. Always protect primary obligations. watch for source of org. guidance, est. moral guidelines n common sense, legal obligations
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part 6: what's the 5th guide to help clarify one's responsibilities and make the right choice?
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Which action is likely to be effective? Which such a big decision, changes whole stance of conflict. Likeihood of success or degree of effectiveness is critical comp.
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part 6: what's the 6th guide to help clarify one's responsibilities and make the right choice?
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What decisions can I live with? Focus on stakeholders, but moral integrity/palatable/tolerable concerns are compared. Look longterm effects, how much stake is my own
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Part 7: what is part7 and it's components?
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Ethics and the Law. sims/diffs. problems with the law. overlaps. ethics as sanctioned by law. summary.
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part 7: explains the sims and diffs of ethics and the law
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Interrelated by distant. bc of it's pervasiveness and sanctions, the law is a sig. source of guidance for managerial decisions.
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part 7: define "law"
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a dynamic and evolving process in which standards of minimal behavior are continuously defined and revised.
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part 7: ethics and laws. how are they comparable
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ethichs provides resources to help ind. order their activities in ways that advance their goals so they dont go under bare minimum that laws set.
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part 7: relationships(direct or indirect) between laws and ethics
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susbstantial gap between the two. Area of grey where it's legal yet unethical.
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part 7: what are the three problems with the law
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ambiguity, changes in the law, reactice and aversarial
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part 7: what is an prime example of overlaps between ethics and the law?
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the environmental movement. they are in the form of specific statutes and other forms of regulation.
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part 7: can ethics be sanctioned by law?
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yes, congress made thics an important consideration for all corporations. they can be liable if unethical
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Part 7: is the law the primary source of guidance for firms?
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yes and no. it's an important source, but it's inadequate as the sole or primary source of directions.
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Part 8: what is part 8. how many levels are there, and what explanation is there for the levels
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Four Levels of Ethical Inquiry in Business: 4 levels, broadest to more specific. Society/Corps and policies/stakeholders/personal
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