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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two traditional divisions of philosophy?
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Theoretical and Practical
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What is theoretical philosophy?
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It deals with bodies of knowledge sought for the sake of knowing itself.
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What are the branches of theoretical philosophy?
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(1) Natural Philosophy
(2) Metaphysics (3) Philosophy of the Human Person |
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What is natural philosophy?
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Is the study of the changeable, physical, and material world.
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What is the philosophy of the metaphysics?
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Is the study of things beyond the physical world.
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What is the philosophy of the human person?
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Is the study by human reason of human acts as they differ from other animals, plants, and non-living things.
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What is practical philosophy?
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Is the embodiment of knowledge that give rise to proper actions by and treatment of human beings.
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What are the branches of practical philosophy?
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(1) Ethics
(2) Politics (3) Economics |
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What is ethics?
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Is the study of right human action for the individual.
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What is politics?
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Is the study of the right human action in society.
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What is economics?
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Is the study of the right human action in the household community?
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What two branches share the both theoretical and practical divisions?
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Epistemology and Logic.
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What is epistemology?
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Is the study of human knowing.
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What is logic?
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Is the study of structures of arguments and syllogisms.
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How are the branches differentiated?
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By the three fold scholastic division.
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What is the three fold scholastic division?
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Differentiates the branches by generic object, proper object, and method.
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What is generic object?
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It is the general subject of the branch of knowledge.
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What is proper object?
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It is the particular aspect of the generic object which that branch of knowledge studies.
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What is method?
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It is the method by which the branch of knowledge pursues its goals.
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What is the descriptive definition of ethics?
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Is the study, by sole use of human reason, of whether any given instance of human conduct is good or evil, or whether any given human action should or should not be done.
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What is the generic object of ethics?
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The generic object is human actions.
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What is the proper object of ethics?
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The proper object is the human actions as good or evil (to be done or not to be done)
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What is the method of ethics?
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The method is human reason acting without reliance on authority.
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What are imputable acts?
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Known as human acts, are actions that proceed from knowledge and free choice.
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Does an imputable act have any responsibility?
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Yes. We are completely aware of the actions and are therefore responsible.
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How can imputable acts be characterized?
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They can be characterized as either good or evil.
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What are non-imputable acts?
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Known as acts of a human, are performed either without knowledge or without free choice of will, or both.
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Does a non-imputable act have any responsibility?
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No. We are not completely aware of the actions and are therefore not responsible.
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What is a complete act of choice?
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It is the act of a single agent that accomplishes the act by means of the intellect and will.
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What are the nine steps of the complete act of choice?
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(1) Apprehension
(2) Intention (3) Deliberation (4) Consent to the means in general (5) Judgment (6) Consent to the particular mean (7) Imperium/command (8) Commanded act/Execution (9) Use/Enjoyment |
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What is (1) Apprehension?
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Intellect, judging the given object, not possessed, is good.
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What is (2) Intention?
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Will, response with a desire to posses the thing in question.
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What is (3) Deliberation?
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Intellect, to consider various means that will lead to desire good.
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What is (4) Consent to the means in general?
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Will, gives acceptance on one or other means without selecting a particular one
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What is (5) Judgment?
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Intellect, judges the best mean to attain the end.
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What is (6) Consent to the particular mean?
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Will, gives consent to use the means judge best.
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What is (7) Imperium/Command?
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Intellect/Will, lines up various activities and operations.
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What is (8) Commanded act/Execution?
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Intellect/Will, does the actual act
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What is (9) Use/Enjoyment?
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Intellect/Will, satisfies the wil by obtaining goods.
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How is will free from external necessity?
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(1) Intellect nor will depend on the body for operation.
(2) Both are inmaterial (3) Immaterial is not bound to external physical necessity. |
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How is will free form internal necessity?
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(1) Will in search of good from Ultimate End.
(2) Known good lack comparison to Ultimate End. (3) In this life, will not familiarized with good of Ultimate End. (4) Will is then free from internal necessity |
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What are three fonts of morality?
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(1) Object of the act
(2) Motive/ Purpose/ Second Intention (3) Circumstances |
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What is the object of the act?
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Is the actual action being undertaken and it bodies material and formal elements.
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What is the motive/ purpose/ second intention?
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Is the "why an action is being performed"
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What is circumstance?
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It consists of the who, what, where, how, etc.
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Which of the three fonts of morality is the most important?
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Object of the act is the most important one.
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Why is object of the act the most important?
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The primary goodness of the overall act (objective, motive, circumstance) comes from the objective.
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What is object of the act for giving money to the poor?
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Object of the act is giving alms to the poor.
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What is the motive?
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Motive is to be thought of well by others.
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What is the circumstance?
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Circumstance is giving away one's own money that is in fact disposable.
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Overall, is the act morally good or bad?
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Overall, morally bad because of the motive. Changing the motive to good, will overall make the act morally good.
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What are the three kinds of ignorance?
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(1) invincible ignorance
(2) vincible ignorance (3) affected ignorance |
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What is invincible ignorance?
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Is when a person cannot reasonable overcome, given the time, opportunity, talent, and degree of need, which he has for that knowledge.
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How does invincible ignorance affect voluntariness?
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Invincible ignorance removes all voluntariness.
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What is vincible ignorance?
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Is where one can reasonably be expected to know something, but failed to acquire the knowledge that one could have and should have.
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How does vincible ignorance affect voluntariness?
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Voluntariness stands, but it can be lessened depending upon the seriousness of the act committed.
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What is affected ignorance?
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Is intentionally desired ignorance.
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How does affected ignorance affect voluntariness?
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Voluntariness stands full and it cannot be removed or lessened.
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What are the two types of emotions?
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(1) Antecedent
(2) Consequent |
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What is antecedent emotion?
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It arises in us immediately after we become aware of certain things and before there is an opportunity for the will to act.
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How does antecedent emotion affect voluntariness?
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Depending on the intensity of the emotion, voluntariness is removed for super strong emotion, and lessened for strong emotion.
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What is consequent emotion?
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It arises in us because we intentionally foster it.
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How does consequent emotion affect voluntariness?
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It increases the level of voluntariness because we deliberately fostered it
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What are the three types of habits?
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(1) deliberately acquired
(2) not deliberately formed (3) acquired unconsciously |
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What is a deliberately acquired habit?
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person is fully aware of its form, existence, and use.
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How does deliberately acquired habit affect voluntariness?
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it is called voluntary in themselves.
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What is not deliberately formed habit?
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person not intentionally created, but aware of existence and is freely chosen.
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How does not deliberately formed habit affect voluntariness?
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it is called voluntary in cause
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What is acquired unconsciously habit?
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person not aware of its form, existence, and use.
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How does acquired unconsciously habit affect voluntariness?
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It is completely non-voluntary
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What are the Four Conditions of the Principle of Double Effect?
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(1) nature-of-the-act
(2) means-end (3) right-intention (4) proportionality |
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What is the nature-of-the-act condition?
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It is the action itself must be morally good or at least morally neutral considered apart form its effect. (Focuses on object)
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What is the means-end condition?
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It is how one may not use an evil means to achieve a good effect. (Focuses on effect)
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What is the right-intention condition?
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It is the evil effect must not be intended, but rather only tolerated. (Focuses on motive)
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What is the proportionality condition?
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There must be a sufficient reason for performing the action and thus for allowing the evil effect (Focuses on sufficient reason)
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What are the three kinds of scandal?
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(1) I know
(2) I know but I dont intend (3) I do not know and i do not intend |
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What is the fist scandal, I know?
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I know and I will to do so; person fully embraces evil influence to other and is fully responsible
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What is the second scandal, I know, but I do not intend?
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I know but I do not intend; person if fully aware of evi, but does not intend to influence other. Responsibility may or may not apply; four conditions can determine
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What is the third scandal, I do not know and I do not intend?
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Person not aware of evil influence to other; free of responsibility
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What are the different kinds of cooperation in evil?
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(1) Formal cooperation
(2) Material cooperation |
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What is formal cooperation?
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Cooperator physically and intentionally aids in principle agent's evil act.
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How does formal cooperation affect guilt of the cooperator?
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Cooperator is fully guilty as the principle agent.
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What is material cooperation?
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Cooperator does not approve nor intends to take part of the principle agent's evil act, but ends up physically aiding in the performance.
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How does material cooperation affect guilt of the cooperator?
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It depends; guilt is divided into proximate and remote; the more remote material cooperation, the less guilt; the more proximate material cooperation, the more guilt
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