Mgnt Ethics Exam 1

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Business Ethics

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is the study of business situations, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed.

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Morality

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is concerned with the norms, values and beliefs embedded in social processes which define right and wrong for an individual or a community.

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Ethics

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concerned with the study of morality and the application of reason to elucidate specific rules and principles that determine right and wrong for any given situation.

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Ethical Theories

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Morality and Ethics

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Why BUsiness Ethics is important

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Power and influence of business in society
Potential to provide major contribution to society
Potential to inflict harm
Increasing demands from stakeholders
Lack of business ethics education or training
Continued occurrence of ethical infractions
Evaluating different ways of managing business ethics
Interesting and rewarding

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Three types of misconduct

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1. putting owns interest before organization
2.Lying to employees
3. Abusive behavior

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Main Priorities in addressing ethical issues for large/small businesses

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(THE SAME!)
Financial integrity, employee/customer issues

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large V small corporation/bus:
Approach to managing ethics; responsible; main constraints

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formal public relations V. informal, trust
Share/stakeholders V. owners
Shareholder orientation, size and complexity V lack of resources and attention

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Globalization

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a process which diminishes the necessity of a common and shared territorial basis for social, economic, and political activities, processes, and relations.

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Consistency

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Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it sholud become a universal law.
EX: murder

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Human Dignity

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Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only
EX: needs, expectations

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Universality

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Act only so that the will through its maxims could regard itself at the same time as universally lawgiving
ex: would others agree? Would the press reporting it make you sun like the suns rays on a summer day?

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Natural Rights

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-John Locke 1632-1714
-Certain basic, important unalienable entitlements that shuold be respected and protected in every single action
- based on consensus about nature of human dignity
-strongly based in western view of morality

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Natural Rights

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The rights approach has been very powerful and shaped the constitution of many modern states.
Includes The Declaration of Human Rights of Man, (French revolution and American Constitution ).
Right to life, liberty, justice , education, fair trial, fair wages, freedom of belief, ,association, and expression.
Notion of rights are quite strongly located in a Western view of morality

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Justice

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The simultaneously fair treatment of individuals in a given situation with the result that everybody gets what they deserve

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Justice

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– Fair procedures every one has been free to acquire rewards, for his efforts (procedural justice).
– Fair outcomes consequences in a positive or negative way are distributed in a just manner (distributive justice)
.Is not always possible ( quota system reserving places for certain ethnics groups, or for lower caste in India )

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Ethics of Rights and Justices

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Egalitarianism
and
Non Egalitarianism

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Egalistarianism

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deviations are unjust) Karl Marx identified the exploitation of working class in a labour process. Working class would collectively own the means of production .Collapse of the Eastern Block. Tend to be inefficient since there are not incentives for innovation and greater efficiency because everyone is rewarded equally

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non- Egalitarianism

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( work hard or lazy ?).Robert Nozick (1974) Justice is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. The distribution of wealth in society is just as long as it has been brought about by just transfers and just original acquisition.( no fraud, or coercion ) Example of Bill Gates ( Microsoft) the richest individual of the planet

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John Rawls Theory of Justice

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1.Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
2. The second test is based in the assumption that inequalities are unavoidable in a free and competitive society

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In Rawls Theory of Justice, Social and Economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:

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a. to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged; high salaries for corporate leaders might be acceptable because led to a better corporate performance which in turn could be translated into higher wages for the least paid.

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Virtue Ethics

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Look in the character of the decision maker, not in actions.
“ Good actions come from good persons “
• Contends that morally correct actions are those undertaken by actors with virtuous characters. Therefore, the formation of a virtuous character is the first step towards morally correct behaviour

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In Virtue Ethics, set of acquired traits are....

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Intellectual, moral, notion of good life.
ALSO:• In a business concept good life means more than being a profitable company.

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Feminist Ethics Assumption:

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Men and women have fairly different attitudes towards organization of social life and the way ethical conflicts are handled.

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Male Approach

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traditional theories= rules and principles to be applied in a fair, objective and consistent way.

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Female Approach

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has a different approach that sees individual deeply embedded in a network of interpersonal relations

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True or false: Tara really needs to shower more?

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TRUE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Pluralism

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• Not suggest one theory or one approach as the best or true view of a moral dilemma
• Suggest that all these theoretical approaches throw light from different angles on one and same problem
• Complementary rather than mutually exclusive

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Feminist Ethics

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An approach that prioritizes empathy harmonious and healthy social relationships, care for one another, and avoidance of harm about abstract principles


Relationships
Decisions taken in context of personal human interrelations
Responsibility
Active ‘taking’ of responsibility, rather than merely ‘having’ it
Experience
Learn and develop from experience

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Discourse Ethics

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Aims to solve ethical conflicts by providing a process of norm generation through rational reflection on the real-life experiences of all relevant participants

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Discource ethics is a procedure of norma generation and has the key elements of :

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Key elements
Ultimate goal of ethical issues in business should be the peaceful settlement of conflicts
Different parties in a conflict should sit together and engage in a discourse about the settlement of the conflict, and ultimately provide a situation that is acceptable to all
‘ideal discourse’ criteria

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Postmodern Ethics

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An approach that locates morality beyond the sphere of rationality in an emotional ‘moral impulse’ towards others. It encourages individual actors to question everyday practices and rules, and to listen to and follow their emotions, inner convictions and ‘gut feelings’ about what they think is right and wrong in a particular incident of decision-making.

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POstmodern Business ethics emphasizes;;;;;;;;

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Holistic approach
Examples rather than principles
‘Think local, act local’
Preliminary character

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Egoism Consideration

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ones own interest

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Utilitarianism consideration

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social consequences

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Ethics of Duties Consideration

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duties to others

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Ethics of Rights Consideration

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Entitlements of others

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Virtue Ethics

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MOral Character

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Theories of Justices Consideration

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Fairness

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Feminiest Ethics COnsideration

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Care for others and relationships

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Discourse Ethics

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Process of resolving conflicts

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innfluence of religion in Europe

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Catholic and Lutheran Protestant Religions in Europe let to collective approach to organizing the economic life. The individual well-being is more a public issue. Catholicism sees people as sinners, who depend on the church to help them on the right way (salvation through baptism, regular pardon after sins confession )

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Influence of Religion in America

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Calvinist-Protestant religion in the US led to the rise of a distinctly different capitalist economic system. People are sinners, but they are able to achieve salvation by leading a godly and pious life. Individual focus

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Asia religion influence

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the influence of Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism led to a more pragmatic , rational and flexible approach to ethical decision-making .

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Utilitarian Rule

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An ethical decision should produce the greatest good for the greatest numer of people

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Justice Rule

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An ethical decision should distribue benefits and harm amonf people in a fair, equitable and impartial manner

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Practical Rule

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An ethical decision should be one that a manager has no hesitation about communicating to the people putside the compant because the typical person in a society would think the decision is acceptable

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moral rights rule

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An ethical decision should maintain and protect the fundamental rights and privileges of people

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Business Ethics Management

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is the direct attempt to formally or informally manage ethical issues or problems through specific policies, practices and programmes

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Code of Ethics

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voluntary statements that commit organizations, industries, or professions to specific beliefs, values, and actions and/or set out appropriate ethical behaviour for employees

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4 main types of ethical codes

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Organizational or corporate codes of ethics (single organizations ) www.unilever.com
Professional codes of ethics, ( Medicine, Law to marketing, purchasing )
Industry codes of ethics (Electronics industry, working conditions are safe, respect and dignity to workers )
Programme or group codes of ethics. Fair trade mark www.fairtrade.org.uk

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Suggestions for successful implementation

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Maximise participation of organisation members in development stage to encourage commitment and ‘buy in’ (Newton, 1992)
Discipline employees found in breach (Webley 2001)
Follow-through

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Ethical Theories

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the rules and principles that determine right and wrong for any given situation

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NOrmative Ethical Theories

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those that propose to prescribe the morally correct way of acting

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Descriptive Ethical Theories

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which seek to describe how ethics decisions are actually made in business

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Ethical Absolutism

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Eternal universally applicable moral principles
- rights and wrongs are OBJECTIVE qualities, can be rationally determined
-traditional

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Ethical Relativism

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claims morality is context-dependent and subjective
- no universal right and wrongs that can be rationally determined; depends on person making the decision & culture in which they are located
Typically contemporary

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Normative Ethical Theories of USA

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-Individualistic perspective
-Accept the capitalist framework
-focus on application of morality to business situation

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NOrmative Ethical Theories of EUROPE

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-Wider economic and governing institutions
-questions ethical justification of capitalism
-Justificatoin and ethical legitimation of norms
-

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non-consequentalist Ethics

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MOtivatoin/Principles Rights and duties--> action

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Consequentialist Ethics

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action--> outcomes
( Desirable or not desirable)

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Theory of Egoism

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an action is morally right if the decision-maker freely decides an action to pursue either their (short-term) desires or their (long-term) interests.
-Adam Smith
-free competition.good info
-markets do not funciton perfectly

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Utilitarianism

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An action is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people affected by the action
-cost-benefit analysis

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What grade is alexa gonna get tomorrow?

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A

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Why is tara sitting on my floor?

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BECAUSE SHE IS WEIRD!!!!