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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell membrane |
Semipermeable phospholipid bilayer. 75% of lipids are phospholipids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic heads.. Composed of lipids, carbs, and proteins. |
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nucleus |
control center of cell, houses DNA, synthesis site for mRNA(copies and carries), rRNA(site of protein synthesis), tRNA (transports amino acids to protein synthesis site). |
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ribosomes |
synthesize proteins translate mRNA |
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ER |
extensive system of paired membranes and flat vesicles that connect parts of cell rough- with ribosomes smooth-without |
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golgi apparatus |
storage, produces large carbohydrate molecules |
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lysosome |
small membrane enclosed sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes |
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peroxisomes |
smaller then lysosome, degrades peroxide |
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proteasomes |
proteolysis of malformed or misaligned proteins |
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mitochondria |
power plants of cell contain separate DNA (inherited matrilineally) contain own ribosomes |
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microtubules |
slender tubular structures composed of globular proteins that influence cell shape, provide a means of moving organelles though cytoplasm, and effect movement of cilia and chromosomes during cell division |
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microfilaments |
thin threadlike cytoplasmic structures such as actin and myosin and intermediate filaments which function in maintaining shape of cell |
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Catabolism |
is all of the chemical reactions that break down molecules, either to extract energy or to produce simple molecules for constructing others |
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Anabolism |
metabolic reactions that build or assemble more complex molecules from simpler ones. |
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What is ATP and relate it to cell function |
ATP is energy for the cell. Without ATP cell metabolism cannot occur. Produced by cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.[2] One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors |
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Anaerobic metabolism |
Glycolysis is energy liberated from glucose. Occurs in cytoplasm glucose>pyruvic acid and ATP from ADP 1 glucose = 2 atp If oxygen is present pyruvic acid goes into rest of cycle If not pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid |
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Aerobic metabolism |
Supplies 90% of body's energy needs
Occurs in mitochondria Requires oxygen AcetylCoA Glycocytic Pathway> Citric Acid > ETC |
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Diffusion |
high concentration to low concentration
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Types of diffusion |
Simple- no reaction with carrier protein occurs down a concentration gradient
Facilitated- occurs down concentration gradient, requires transport protein due to type or size of molecule Ion channels and gates |
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Active transport |
Moving against concentration gradient
Most well known is Na/K ATPase pump |
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Types of active transport |
Primary active transport- sodium, calcium, potassium, hydrogen ions Secondary active transport- use membrane transport proteins to play off energy of concentration gradient of sodium |
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Vesicular transport and types |
Cell encloses material to either bring into cell (endocytosis) or push out of cell (exocytosis)
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diffusion potentials |
simple diffusion of ion
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equilibrium potentials |
chemical forces driving diffusions and repelling electrical forces are balanced |
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resting membrane potentials |
RMP is necessary for electrical excitability. K+ equilibrium potential.
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action potentials |
opening of Na+ channels, NA+ floods, NA+ closes, K+ leaves |
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2 types of cell communication |
gap junctions
cell surface receptor proteins: g protein linked (on/off) enzyme linked (enzymes) ion channel- nerve cells |
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epithelial tissue |
covering and lining of body surfaces simple stratified psuedostratified glandular squamous cuboidal columnar |
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connective tissue |
supports and connects body structures fibroblasts are most common |
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muscle |
specialized tissue designed for contractility skeletal cardiac smooth |
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nervous |
communication purposes neurons |
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atrophy |
smaller size and lower more efficient level of functioning due to decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions
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hypertrophy |
increase in cell size and increase in amount of functioning tissue mass due to increased workload
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hyperplasia |
increase in number of cells |
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metaplasia |
reversible change in which one type of cell is replaced by another cell type. Usually due to chronic inflammation. Doesn't jump tissue type barrier i.e. epithelial to different type of epithelial |
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dysplasia |
deranged cell growth varies in size, shape and organization, |
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intracellular accumulation types |
normal body substances (lipids, proteins, bilirubin) abnormal endogenous substances (inborn error of metabolism) exogenous substances |
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dystrophic calcification |
macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissues |
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metastatic calcification |
occurs in normal tissues due to increased serum calcium levels. Causes are hyperparathyroidism, primary or secondary phosphate retention in renal failure, cx with metastatic bone legions, etc. |
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mechanisms of cell injury |
free radical hypoxic impaired calcium homeostasis |
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free radical cell injury |
unpaired electrons that are extremely unstable and reactive. React with normal cell components and damage them or turn them into more free radicals. Antioxidants remove ROS or reactive oxygen species is normally produced in body. Oxidative stress occurs when ROS exceeds ability of body to neutralize it. |
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Hypoxic cell injury |
aerobic metabolism stops less ATP used Na+/K+ fails Increase of Na+ Ca+ in cell and K+ out of cell Cells swell with water (oncosis) Anaerobic metabolism used lactic acid damages cell tissues decrease PH release of lysosomal enzymes vacuolation cell digestion |
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Impaired calcium homeostasis |
released after cell damage increase calcium in cell leads to activation of various enzymes in cell |
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reperfusion injury |
causes oxidative stress free radicals membrane damage and mitochondrial overload neutrophil adhesion to endothelium |
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What is the difference between reversible or irreversible cell injury |
membrane damage / release of lysosomal enzymes
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What is oncosis |
cell swelling with water |
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Apoptosis |
programmed cell death can be physiologic (normal) pathologic- hep b, hep c, ALS, alzheimers |
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Necrosis |
cell death due to unregulated enzyme digestion of cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity, initiation of of inflammatory response 3 Processes Karyolysis- nuclear dissolution Pynkosis- clumping of nucleus Karyorrhexis-fragmentation of nucleus |
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Types of necrosis |
Coagulative- acidosis denatures structural proteins of cell. Typical of infarction / hypoxic injury Caseous- form of coagulative necrosis in which dead cells resist as soft cheeslike debris. TB Liquefactive- some cells die but catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. Softening of center of abscess |
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Gangrene definition and types |
considerable amount of tissue undergoes necrosis dry- lack of blood supply but venous flow intact wet- lack of venous flow lets fluid accumulate gas- clostridium infection produces toxins and H2S bubbles |
