Essential Biology Chapters 4-7

Front 1

Basic Unit of Life

Back 1

A cell

Front 2

One of the first to observe single-celled organism

Back 2

Leeuwenhoek

Front 3

All plants are composed of cells

Back 3

Schleiden

Front 4

Coined the term "cell"

Back 4

Hooke

Front 5

All animals are composed of cells

Back 5

Schwann

Front 6

First person to observe the nucleus of a cell

Back 6

Brown

Front 7

Cells only come from pre-existing cells

Back 7

Virchow

Front 8

Cell Theory

Back 8

Cells are capable of self reproduction
Cells come from pre-existing cells
Cell is the basic unit of life
All organisms are made of one or more cells

Front 9

Separates inside of cell from outside
Regulates which ions and molecules come and go

Back 9

Plasma Membrane

Front 10

Some cells have it in addition to plasma membrane
Lies outside the PM serves as structural support

Back 10

Cell Wall (plants)

*Animal cells have NO cell wall

Front 11

Difference between Cytoplasm and Cytosol

Back 11

Cytosol is the semi-fluid portion of Cytoplasm the place where the organelles are contained

Front 12

Why are Phospholipid molecules suitable for forming plasma?

Back 12

form a bi-layer preventing polar molecules and ions from crossing the membrane

Front 13

Why is a membrane considered a "fluid mosaic"?

Back 13

fluid-phospholipid bilayer (like oil)
mosaic- because proteins float like icebergs in the phospholipid sea

Front 14

Additional layer(s) that lie outside the plasma membrane

Back 14

Extra-cellular Matrix
ex: cell wall
ex: slime capsule

Front 15

Help in cell to cell communication as well as anchoring cells together in tissue

Back 15

Cell Junctions

Front 16

Control center of the cell
Contains hereditary material (chromosomes)
Directs cell activity

Back 16

Nucleus

Front 17

Made of DNA which is the genetic or hereditary material of the cell

Back 17

Chromatin

Front 18

Function is to produce ribosomes

Back 18

Nucleolus

Front 19

Small round organelles found in cytoplasm
Made of protein and RNA
Function in photosynthesis

Back 19

Ribosomes

Front 20

DNA directing protein production:

Back 20

1-DNA holds "genetic recipes" for the protein
2-mRNA copies "recipe" in nucleus and carries it to cytoplasm
3- Ribosomes are the workbench upon which amino acids are linked together into proteins

Front 21

Membranous flattened channels and tubular canals that function as a transport system

Back 21

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

*Molecules moving through ER system are enclosed in vesicles that go to the Golgi Apparatus

Front 22

Studded with ribosomes specializes in protein synthesis

Back 22

Rough ER

Front 23

No ribosomes associated with lipid synthesis

Back 23

Smooth ER

Front 24

Stack of membranous saccules that Process, Package and Distribute Molecules in or about the cell

Back 24

Golgi Apparatus

Front 25

membranous sacs that hold substances

Back 25

Vesicles and Vacuoles

Front 26

Organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and the cell when it's dead

Back 26

Lysosome

Front 27

Organelles that preform photosynthesis and hold thylakoids stacked in grana in the stroma (liquid)

Back 27

Chloroplast

Front 28

"Powerhouse" of the cell, function is energy (ATP) production for cell and cellular respiration

*Inner membrane folds are called Cristae

Back 28

Mitochondria

Front 29

Maintains cell shape and aids movement of cell parts

Back 29

Cytoskeleton (animal cells)

Front 30

Protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella

Back 30

Microtubules

Front 31

Long and few in number, function in cell movement

Back 31

Flagella

Front 32

Short and numerous, function in cell movement

Back 32

Cilia

Front 33

The ability to do work or capacity to change

Back 33

Energy

Front 34

Different forms of Energy

*Heat is the most useless form of energy for cells, a bi-product of metabolism

Back 34

Chemical- Carbs *Cell energy is chemical
Electrical- Lightening
Light- Sun
Mechanical- Movement
Heat- speed of moving molecules

Front 35

Energy of Motion (mechanical)

Back 35

Kinetic Energy

Front 36

Stored energy (chemical)

Back 36

Potential Energy

Front 37

What do cells use energy for?

Back 37

Growth-Repair-Reproduction

Front 38

Laws of Thermodynamics

Back 38

1- Energy can neither be created or destroyed only change form
2- Energy conversions are inefficient some will be lost as heat

Front 39

Primary source of energy for all living things

Back 39

The Sun

Front 40

Measure of disorder in a system

Back 40

Entropy- Takes constant energy to combat entropy

*Heat has most entropy, most disorganized

Front 41

All of the chemical reactions that take place in cells during growth and repair

Back 41

Metabolism

Front 42

[c] calorie

[C] Calorie

Back 42

[c]-Amount of energy needed to raise temp of one gram of H2O by one degree celsius

[C]-1000 little c's or kilocalorie

Front 43

The energy currency of the cell

Back 43

ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate

Front 44

3 Functions of ATP

Back 44

Mechanical Work
Chemical Work
Transport Work

Front 45

Process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule

Back 45

Phosphorylation

Front 46

ATP-ADP cycle

Back 46

for continued energy, ATP must constantly be recycled from ADP+P

Front 47

Organic catalyst that usually speeds up a chemical reaction

Back 47

Enzyme
*enzymes are proteins

Front 48

Enzyme Features
*Most enzyme names end with "ase"

Back 48

1-Doesn't make a reaction happen that wouldn't happen on it's own
2-They can be used over and over again
3-Works in forward and reverse directions of a reaction
4- Highly selective about their substrates

Front 49

Place on an enzyme where substrate or reactants fit

Back 49

Active site

Front 50

All other areas on the enzyme that are NOT active sites

Back 50

Allosteric site

Front 51

The amount of energy needed to get reactants to form products (large amount)

Back 51

Activation Energy

*An enzyme alters or lowers that activation level making it easier for the reactants to make products

Front 52

Positive/ Negative Feedback

Back 52

Positive- blood clotting or orgasm
Negative- body temp regulation or peeing

Front 53

Function of a Protein Component

Back 53

Carries out MOST functions and can move laterally through fluid bi-layer

Front 54

Allows a passage way for small molecules and ions across the plasma membrane

Back 54

Channel Proteins

Front 55

Bond to bigger molecules and help them across the memebrane

Back 55

Carrier Proteins

Front 56

Have different patterns of carb chains that recognize self

Back 56

Cell recognition proteins (immune system)

Front 57

Receives molecules with certain shape, if it fits in receptor then cell is signaled to preform function

Back 57

Receptor Proteins

Front 58

Free floating in the cytoplasm

Back 58

Enzymatic Proteins

Front 59

Proteins that anchor neighboring cells together

Back 59

Adhesion Proteins

Front 60

When H2O flows across membrane to greater solute concentration

Back 60

Osmotic Pressure
When cells get the water it pushes against cell walls giving support called TURGOR pressure

Front 61

Solutions (Tonics)

Back 61

Isotonic- Equal solute concentration

Hypotonic- Less solute, more water

Hypertonic- More solute, less water

Front 62

Movement of large molecules down a concentration gradient- Low Energy

Back 62

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 63

Molecules or Ions moving Up gradient from low to high concentration- High Energy

Back 63

Active Transport

Front 64

Moves Sodium to one side of membrane and Potassium to the other (High Energy)

Back 64

Sodium Potassium Pump

Front 65

1- Endocytosis
2- Phagocytosis
3- Pinocytosis
4- Exocytosis

Back 65

1- Large substances In
2- cell eating- solids in
3- cell drinking- liquids in
4- exiting substances from cell

Front 66

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
(C6/H12/O6) + (6/O2) = (6/CO2) + (6/H2O) + ATP

Back 66

Cellular Respiration-
Glycolosis > Citric/Krebs> Electron Transport Chain

Front 67

Sugar Splitting using 2 ATP resulting in 4 ATP

Back 67

Glycolosis

Front 68

Happens after glycolosis when there is no oxygen in the cell (sore muscles)

Back 68

Fermentation
(lactate fermentation- burning in muscles)

Front 69

Prep Steps to Krebs Cycle

Back 69

Transition Reaction

Front 70

Occurs in Mitochondrian
Needs Oxygen
Releases Carbon Dioxide
Produce ATP, NADH, FADH2 Energy

Back 70

Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

Front 71

produces 26-28 ATP molecules

Back 71

ETP