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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erik Erikson Biography
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• 1902-1994
• Spent a lot of time in US even though he was European • Artist, teacher, psychoanalyst – studied with Anna Freud • Married Canadian dancer & sociologist Joan Serson • Worked at Harvard, Yale, U. of CA. Berkeley,U. of Pittsburgh ( • Spent time with Native American tribes |
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Erik Erikson’s and Freuds
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• Accepts Freud’s ideas as basically correct
• Accepts Neo-Freudian ideas about the ego (Heinz Hartmann & Anna Freud) • More society and culture-oriented than most Freudians • De-emphasizes the unconscious & instincts |
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Erik Erikson’s Concepts
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• Ego
• Psychosocial Development |
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Ego
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• It is more than a mediator between Id & Superego
• Positive force • Establishes self-identity • Adapts • Center of personality • Unifies personality • Partially unconscious |
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3 Aspects of Ego
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• Body ego
• Ego ideal • Ego identity |
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Definition Body Ego
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• experience w/ body
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Definition Ego Ideal
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• image in comparison to an established ideal
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Definition Ego Identity
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• overall image in different roles
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Ego Identity
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• “the awareness of the fact that there is self-sameness and continuity to the ego’s synthesized methods, the style of one’s individuality, and that this style coincides with sameness and continuity of one’s meaning for significant others in the immediate community”
• It is subjective |
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Difference with Freud Definition of Ego
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• shaped by society
• At birth only as potential – interactions shape us • Epigenetic principle: we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in 8 stages • One stage emerges from & builds on previous one but does not replace it • “anything that grows has a ground plan, and out of this ground plan the parts arise each part having its time of special ascendancy, until all parts have arisen to form a functioning whole” |
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Psychosocial Development
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• Prime motive: social
• Mutuality – bi-directional influence (parent-child; child-parent • In each stage interaction of two opposite poles • Conflict produces: ego quality/strength or virtue (dystonic outcome) & a weakness (dystonic outcome) • healthy dev.= dystonic pole greater • Each stage involves a “crisis” – “a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability & heightened potential” • Each stage has an optimal time • Differentiation |
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What is a Crisis
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• a developmental task - opportunity for adjustment
• a recurring turning point, a crucial moment, when development must move one way or another, marshaling resources of growth, recovery and further differentiation |
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Differentiation
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• becomes ever more inclusive as the individual grows aware of a widening circle of others significant to him, from the maternal person to ‘mankind’
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
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1. Oral-sensory
2. Anal-muscular 3. Genital-locomotor stage 4. Latency 5. Adolescence 6. Intimacy VS Isolation 7. Generativity VS Stagnation 8. Ego Integrity VS Despair |
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Oral-sensory
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• birth – 1 ½
• Basic trust vs basic mistrust • Sense that others are dependable & will provide what is needed • Own sense of trustworthiness • Some mistrust necessary • Basic strength: hope • Hope is part of all other strengths |
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Anal-sensory
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• Autonomy vs shame & doubt (1 ½-3)
• Toilet training & attempts of self-expression • Require support from adults • Shame – a feeling of self-consciousness/being exposed • Doubt – a feeling of uncertainty • Basic strength: will |
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Genital-locomotor Stage
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• 3-5
• Initiative vs guilt • Charge into the world – increased muscular control, fine motor skills, language • Select & pursue goals • Failure results in guilt – self conscious emotion • Basic strength: purpose • Dev. of conscience • Inhibition is antithesis of purpose |
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Latency
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• (6-12)
• Industry vs inferiority • Producing things & seeking recognition • Comparison of self w/others i.e. school • Formal evaluation of abilities • Origins of ego-identity: feeling of “I” or “me-ness” • Failure results in inferiority • Basic strength: competence |
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Adolescence
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• 12-20+
• Identity vs role confusion • Identity reaches its peak • “awareness of … self-sameness & continuity to the ego’s synthesizing methods, the style of one’s individuality…” p. 269 & 285 in text • Psychosocial latency or moratorium - postponing commitments • Basic strength: fidelity • Faith in some ideological view or vision of future – values, religion, principles • adopting a set of internal standards of conduct • 2 dystonic outcomes |
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Identity emerges from 2 sources
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• Affirmation or Repudiation of childhood identifications
~Historical & social context that dictates conformity to certain standards |
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Role or identity confusion
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• divided self image, inability to establish intimacy, rejection of family & community standards – no integration
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Negative Identity
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• undesirable identity
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2 Dystonic Outcome of Adolescence
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• diffidence (lack of self trust, hesitancy)
• defiance (rebelling against authority) |
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Intimacy VS Isolation
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• 20s-30s
• Intimacy: ability to fuse one’s identity w/ another’s without fear of losing it • Sharing of mutual trust • Involves sacrifice, compromise & commitment • Identity is prerequisite • Basic strength: love or “mutuality of devotion” |
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Generativity VS Stagnation
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• 40s-60s
• Generativity: the generation of new beings, products, ideas • Concerned w/ establishing & guiding next generation • Stagnation results in self absorption • Basic strength: care |
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Ego Integrity VS despair
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• Detachment from society in terms of usefulness (retirement, children independent)
• Physical changes/limitations/illnesses • Concerns with death (own & friends or relatives) • Integrity: accepting life as it has been • Despair: regrets, unwillingness to accept death • Basic strength: wisdom – informed & detached • “detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself” |
