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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is accommodation according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? |
changes made to existing cognitive structures or schemas in order to understand new information and experiences. |
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What is adaptation according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? |
the central process involved in cognitive development, by which a child's mental structures achieve a better fit with external reality. Involves the complementary processes of assimilation and accommodation. |
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True or False a) fluid intelligence declines with increasing age b) crystalized intelligence declines with increasing age |
a) true b) false. crystalized intelligence remains fairly stable throughout age |
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Which type of memory shows the greatest age-related decline? |
long-term memory other aspects of memory that are adversely affected by ageing include working memory, explicit memory, and episodic memory. |
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What is the primary focus of Patterson's coercive family interaction model? |
the model focuses on the role of imitation and reinforcement. |
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aggression in children has been linked to several parenting behaviors, such as: (3 things) |
1. rejection 2. harsh discipline 3. lax monitoring of children's activities |
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According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is assimilation? |
the process of incorporating new objects, information, or experiences into the existing cognitive structures or schemas. |
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at what age: a) are signs of attachment to the primary caregiver evident? b) does separation anxiety begin and peak? c) does stranger anxiety begin and peak? |
a) signs of attachment to primary caregiver are not evident until 6 or 7 months of age b) separation anxiety begins at 6 months, and peaks at 14- 18 months c) stranger anxiety begins at 8-10 months and peaks at 18 months. |
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What is an advantage of bilingualism? |
greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awareness. |
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What part of the brain is the least developed at birth? |
the cortex. |
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What is centration? |
the tendency to focus on one detail of a situation to the neglect of other important features |
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According to Piaget, what is cognitive development due to? |
a combination of biological maturation and interactions with the environment. |
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What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? |
1. sensorimotor: child develops object permanence 2. preoperational: rapid increases in symbolic thought 3. operational: child develops the ability to conserve 4. formal operational: develops hypothetical-deductive reasoning. |
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What is down syndrome? |
an autosomal abnormality in which there is an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; causes mental retardation and a variety of physical anomalies. |
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In response to parents' divorce, what types of behaviors are most typical of: a) boys? b) girls? |
a) boys are more prone to externalizing behaviors b) girls are more prone to internalizing behaviors |
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Discuss the temporal effects of parents' divorces on boys and girls. |
Boys have greater short- and long-term effects, and girls have a "sleeper effect" wherein they first exhibit problems in adolescence. |
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome? |
a cluster of largely irreversible physical and behavioral abnormalities that may occur in the infants of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy. Includes: facial abnormalities, skeletal and internal defects, low birth weight, and mental retardation. |
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what is identity foreclosure? |
premature commitment to an identity due to the suggestions of a parent or other person, rather than an identity crisis. |
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What are the 4 stages of identity statuses, according to Marcia. |
1. identity diffusion 2. identity foreclosure 3. identity moratorium 4. identity achievement. |
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What is meant by the term "imaginary audience"? |
the idea that one is always the center of other's attention. this is a common belief during adolescence. |
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What is meant by Bowlby's term: "internal working models"? |
this term describes the cognitive representations that children develop of themselves and others. These models are formed during early childhood, but continue to develop over time. |
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What are the 3 predictable stages of language development? |
1. cooing and babbling in the first year 2. holophrastic and telegraphic speech in the second year 3. rapid vocabulary growth and mastery of complex grammatical forms between ages 3 and 6 years. |
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What are several identified advantages of maternal employment for children? |
higher self-esteem, better family and peer relationships, and reductions in stereotypic beliefs about male and female roles. |
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Name the 3 levels (each with 2 stages) of moral development, according to Kohlberg. |
1. preconventional (punishment and obedience; intrumental hedonistic orientations) 2. conventional (good boy/good girl; authority and social order orientations) 3. post-conventional (social contract and universal ethical principles orientation). |
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What are the 2 stages of moral development, according to Piaget? |
1. heteronomous (rules are unchangeable, the wrongness of an act depends on its consequences) 2. autonomous (rules are alterable by consensus, the wrongness of an act depends on the intentions of the actor). |
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what is object permanence? |
a capacity that develops in the sensorimotor stage and involves an understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible; may be responsible for the increased intensity of separation at age 18 months. |
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Name the 4 parenting styles, and which one is associated with the best outcomes and the worst? |
authoritative: (rational demand and responsivity) associated with the best outcomes for the patterns authoritarian (high demand; low responsivity) permissive (low demand; high responsivity) rejecting-neglecting/uninvolved: (low responsivity; low demand) associated with antisocial behavior and delinquency. |
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Name 4 patterns of attachment. |
secure anxious/avoidant anxious/resistant disorganized/disoriented |
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which pattern of attachment is most likely to be exhibited by abused children? |
disorganized/disoriented |
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What is phenylketonuria (PKU)? |
an inherited disease that adversely affects metabolism and central nervous system development, leading to severe mental retardation. Early dietary intervention can prevent PKU from causing mental retardation. |
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What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development, according to Frued? |
1. oral 2. anal 3. phalic 4. latency 5. genital * fixation at any stage due to over-or undergratification of sexual impulses can result in psychopathology. |
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what are some factors that protect high-risk children from psychopathology? |
social responsivity in infancy and the availability of a consistent caregiver. |
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what is scaffolding? |
the support provided to a child by others which enables him or her to learn. |
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what is separation anxiety? |
distress due to the separation from a child's primary caregiver(s). begins at 8 months, rises dramatically until the age of 18 months, and then gradually falls off until it becomes negligible between the ages of 24 and 36 months. |
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What is temperament? |
the individual's basic behavioral style; believed to be largely genetically determined and a building block of future personality. |
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According to Vygotsky, what is "zone of proximal development"? |
the gap between what a child can currently do alone and what he/she can accomplish with assistance from an adult or more knowledgeable peer. Teaching is most effective when it occurs within the child's zone of proximal development. |
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What are "phonemes"? |
the smallest units of sound that are understood in a language. for example, b, p, f, v, and th are all phonemes |
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what are "morphemes"? |
the smallest units of sound that convey meaning. for example: words like "do" and "go" and prefixes and suffixes such as "un", "ed", and "ing" |
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What are the 8 stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? |
1. trust vs mistrust (infancy) 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddlerhood) 3. initiative vs. guilt (early childhood) 4. Industry vs. inferiority (school age) 5. identity vs. role confusion (adolescence) 6. intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) 7. generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) 8. ego integrity vs. despair (maturation/old age) |
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What are the 3 stages (transitions) included in Levinson's "seasons of a man's life" (1986)? |
1. the early adult transition (17 to 22) 2. the age 30 transition (38 to 33) 3. the mid-life transition (40 to 45) |
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According to Levinson (1986), what is a "deflation of The Dream"? |
occurs during the "mid-life transition" (age 40 to 45), wherein one realizes that one's goals are not really satisfying and/or will not be fully accomplished. |
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describe 4 identity statuses described by Marcia (1987) - which was an expansion of Eriksons developmental theory |
identity diffusion: no crisis; no exploring alternatives; no commitment to an identity. identity foreclosure: no crisis; adopt an identity imposed by a same-sex parent. identity moratorium: crisis; actively looking for alternatives. (rebellion happens here) identity achievement: resolved crisis and committed to an identity. |
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what are the stages of greif described by Kubler-Ross (1969)? |
1. denial and isolation ("no, this isn't happening") 2. anger ("why me?) 3. bargaining ("Yes me, but not until my child is born") 4. depression ("yes me") 5. acceptance ("my time is close and that's alright") |
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what theory explaining the origins of attachment has received the most support, and what does it say about how we as humans form attachment? |
the learning theory. says that attachment is a result of reinforcement. We attach to figures that provide us with food and nurturing. |
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what is social referencing? |
it's one of 3 signs of attachment. looking to a caregiver to determine how to respond in new or ambiguous situations. |
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what is separation anxiety in the context of attachment? |
its one of 3 signs of attachment. it is severe distress that occurs when a child is separated from his or her primary caregiver. |
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what is stranger anxiety? |
It is one of 3 signs of attachment. it refers to when infants become very anxious and fearful in the presence of a stranger, especially when a caregiver is not nearby or when the caregiver does not respond positively to the stranger. |
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describe Thomas and Chess' goodness-of-fit model. |
states that children are born with certain temperaments that are lumped into 3 categories (easy children, difficult children, and slow-to-warm-up children). Goodness of fit is the fit between the child's temperament and the environment they are in. |
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Describe the "coercive family interaction model" |
proposes that (a) that children initially learn aggressive behaviors from their parents (e.g., harsh discipline; reward aggressiveness; don't reinforce prosocial behavior) and (b) over time, aggressive parent-child interactions escalate. |
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describe Piaget's 3 stages of moral development. |
premoral stage: little concern for rules. heteronomous stage: rules are set by authority figures and are unalterable. right and wrong is judged by if a rule was broken and the severity of consequences. autonomous morality stage: rules are arbitrary and alterable. focus more on the intention of the act rather than the consequences. |
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describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development. 3 levels. |
pre-conventional: goodness or badness depends on the consequence. right course of action is the one that avoids punishment. conventional: right action is the one that is liked or approved by others. post-conventional: right action is the one that is consistent with democratically determined laws. |
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according to Kohlberg, what is "instrumental hedonism"? |
occurs in the pre-conventional stage of moral development. consequences still guide moral judgement, but judgement are based more on obtaining rewards and satisfying personal needs than on avoiding punishment. |
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according to Kohlberg, what is "law and order orientation"? |
occurs during the conventional stage of moral development. moral judgments are based on the rules and laws established by legitimate authorities. |
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according to Kohlberg, what is "morality of individual principles of conscious"? |
right and wrong are determined on the basis of broad, self-chosen universally applicable ethical principles. |
