Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is acculturation according to Berry? |
a person's level of acculaturation can be described in terms of 4 catagories that reflect the person's adoption of his/her own culture and the culture of the dominant group: 1. integration; 2. assimilation; 3 separation; or 4 marginalization. |
|
|
What is the a) traditional and b) research explanation for why acupuncture is effective? |
a) illness is due to a blockage of qu (vital life energy) and acupuncture unblocks it and allows it to flow through the body. b) it releases pain-suppressing substances; alters blood flow in areas around the needle and in certain areas in the brain. |
|
|
What is Adler's personality theory? (teleological approach, style of life) |
an approach to therapy that stress the unity of the individual and the belief that behavior is purposeful and goal-directed. - maladaptive behaviour represents a mistaken style of life that reflects inadequate social interest. - behaviour is motivated by a person's future goals rather than determined by past events. |
|
|
a) What are alloplastic and autoplastic interventions? b) how do they differ? |
a) the focus of an intervention with regard to the environment b) alloplastic interventions make changes in the environment to accommodate the individual; autoplastic interventions change the individual to better function in the environment. |
|
|
What 4 stages are involved in the "Black racial identity development model" (developed by Cross) |
1. pre-encounter stage: race/racial identity has low salience 2. encounter stage: racial/cultural awareness and is interested in developing a black identity 3. immersion/emersion stage: race/racial identity have high salience and person moves from black involvement (immersion) to strong anti-white attitudes (emersion). 4. internalization stage: race continues to have high salience; person adopts a afrocentric, biculturist, or multiculturist orientation. |
|
|
Describe the Communication/interaction approach to family therapy |
focuses on the impact of communication on family and individual functioning. 2 styles of communication are emphasized. symmetrical communciation: occurs between equals and can escalate to a one-up-manship game complementary communication: occurs between individuals who are unequal and emphasizes their differences. |
|
|
Sue and Sue (2003) described cultural competence as involving 3 competencies for therapists... what were they? |
therapist's awareness of his/her cultural assumptions, values, and beliefs knowledge about the world-views of culturally diverse clients; skills that enable him/her to provide interventions that are appropriate and effective for culturally different clients. |
|
|
What is cultural encapsulation? |
culturally encapsulated counselors interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes and disregard cultural differences and their own cultural biases. |
|
|
Ridley described nondisclosure by African American therapy clients as being due to 2 types of paranoia... what are they? |
1. a client is exhibiting cultural paranoia (healthy reaction to racism) when he does not disclose fear of being hurt or misunderstood 2. a client exhibits functional paranoia (due to pathology) when he is unwilling to disclose to any therapist regardless of race/ethnicity as a result of mistrust and suspician. |
|
|
What is cybernetics? |
concerned with the communication process between positive and negative feedback loops positive feedback loops: amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts system. negative feedback loops: reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo. |
|
|
What is diagnostic overshadowing? |
originally used to describe the tendency of health professionals to attribute all of a person's psychiatric symptoms to his intellectual capabilities. this also applies to other conditions and diagnoses. |
|
|
What is double blind communication? |
an etiological factor for schizophrenia and involves conflicting negative injunctions with one being expressed verbally and the other nonverbally (e.g., "do that and you'll be punished" and "don't do that and you'll be punished") the recipient of the contradictory injunctions is not allowed to comment on them or seek help from someone else. |
|
|
There is an ongoing debate in psychotherapy outcome research as to the best way to evaluate the effects of psychotherapy, two ways are efficacy vs effectiveness research. Describe this debate... |
efficacy research are clinical trials, whereas effectiveness research is correlational and quasi-experimental in nature |
|
|
what is emic orientation? |
involves understanding the culture from the perspective of members of that culture. |
|
|
What is etic orientation? |
assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures |
|
|
What is differentiation? in extended family systems therapy |
a person's ability to separate his/her intellectual and emotional functioning, which helps keep the person from becoming "fused" with the emotions that dominate the family. the goal in therapy is to increase differentiation of all family members. |
|
|
What is an emotional triangle? in extended family systems therapy |
when a two-person system attempts to reduce instability or stress by recruiting a third person into the system. |
|
|
What is a genogram? in extended family systems therapy |
a depiction of the relationship between family members, dates of significant events, and other important life information. |
|
|
Describe existential therapy. What does it say about maladaptive behavior? |
emphasizes personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life. maladaptive behaviour is the result of an inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concern of existence (i.e., death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness). |
|
|
What did Eysenck say about apparent benefits from therapy? |
he said that they are due to "spontaneous remission". |
|
|
Describe feminist therapy |
based on the premise that "the personal is political". Focuses on empowerment and social change and acknowledges and minimizes power differentials inherent in the client-therapist relationship. |
|
|
describe self-in-relation theory as it applies to feminism and object relations theory |
proposes that many gender differences can be traced to differences in the early mother-daughter and mother-son relationship |
|
|
What is nonsexist therapy? |
focuses more on the personal causes of behavior and personal change. |
|
|
What type of therapy are these most associated with? free association, dreams, resistances, and transferences |
freudian psychoanalysis |
|
|
What are defence mechanisms according to freudian psychoanalysis? |
when the ego is unable to ward off danger through rational, realistic means, it may resort to one of its defence mechanisms |
|
|
what 2 characteristics do all defence mechanisms share? |
the operate at an unconscious level and they serve to deny or distort reality. |
|
|
What is general systems theory? |
defines a system as an entity that is maintained by the mutual interactions of its components and assumes that the actions of interacting components are best understood by studying them in context. |
|
|
In family therapy, what is homeostasis? |
the tendency for a family to act in ways that maintain the family's equilibrium or status quo. This takes heavy influence from general systems theory. |
|
|
consistent with general systems theory, how do family therapists view the family? |
as an open system that continuously receives input from and discharges output to the environment and is adaptable to change. |
|
|
Describe Gestalt therapy. |
views "awareness" as the primary curative fator and defines neurosis as a "growth disorder" that is often attributable to a boundary disturbance that leads to abandonment of the self for the self image. |
|
|
How do gestalt therapists respond to client transference? |
it is counterproductive. they help the client recognize the difference between his "transference fantasy" and reality. |
|
|
According to Yalom, therapy groups typically pass through these 3 formative stages: |
1. orientation, participation, search for meaning, and dependency 2. conflict, dominance, and rebellion 3. development of cohesiveness |
|
|
What 2 things did Yalom propose could reduce premature termination from group therapy and enhance therapy outomces? |
prescreening of potential group members and post-selection preparation |
|
|
What is the health belief model? |
health behaviours are influenced by 1) the person's readiness to take a particular action, 2) the person's evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a response, and 3) the internal and external cues for action that trigger a response. |
|
|
Describe the difference between high context communication and low context communication. |
high context communication relies on shared cultural understanding and non-verbal cues. it helps unify a culture and is slow to change low context communication relies on the verbal message, is less unifying and can change rapidly and easily (used more by Anglos) |
|
|
Name the 4 stages of Trioden's (1988) model of homosexual identity. |
1. sensitization/feeling different 2. self-recognition/identity confusion 3. identity assumption 4. commitment/identity commitment |
|
|
Describe the basics of Howard et al.'s (1996) study examining the dose dependent effect of psychotherapy |
about 75% of patients show measureable improvement at about 26 sessions this number increases to only 85% at 52 sessions |
|
|
Describe the 3 phases of Howard et al.'s (1996) phase model of psychotherapy |
1. remoralization 2. remediation 3. rehabilitation |
|
|
What does the research say about the effect that hypnosis has on memories? |
1. it does not enhance the accuracy of memories 2. it may produce more pseudomemories than accurate memories 3. may exaggerate a person's confidence in the validity of uncertain memories, especially if they are inaccurate. |
|
|
What is interpersonal therapy? |
originally developed as a treatment for depression; IPT focuses on symptom reduction and resolving one or more primary areas of interpersonal functioning - unresolved grief; interpersonal role disputes; role transitions; and interpersonal deficits. |
|
|
How does Analytical psychotherapy view behavior? |
behavior is determined by both unconcious and concious factors, including the collective unconcious which is the repository of latent memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next. |
|
|
According to Jung's Analytical psychotherapy, what are primordial images? |
these are archetypes included in the collective unconscious (or the repository of latent memories pasted down from one generation to the next) that cause people to experience certain phenomena in universal ways. |
|
|
What is individuation? and who is it most associated with? |
individuation is a key concept in Jung's personality theory. it refers to an integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that occurs in the later years and leads to a unique identity and the development of wisdom. |
|
|
There are 4 types of mental health consultation according to Caplan, they are: |
1. client-centered case consultation 2. consultee-centered case consultation 3. program-centered administrative consultation 4. consultee-centered administrative consultation |
|
|
According to Caplan, what is client-centered case consultation? |
focuses on helping the consultee work more effectively with a particular client |
|
|
According to Caplan, what is consultee-centered case consultation? |
focuses on enhancing the consultees abiltity to deliver services to a particular group or population of clients |
|
|
According to Caplan, what is program-centered administrative consultation? |
working with 1 or more administrators (consultees) to resolve problems related to a particular program. |
|
|
According to Caplan, what is consultee-centred administrative consultation? |
involves enhancing the ability of administrators to develop, implement, and evaluate programs. |
|
|
Describe motivational interviewing. |
MI was developed specifically for clients who are ambivalent about changing their behavior and combines the transtheoretical model (stages of change) with client-centered therapy and the concept of self-efficacy. |
|
|
In motivational interviewing (MI) what is OARS? |
O - open-ended questions A - affirmation R - reflective listening S - summaries * specific techniques of MI |
|
|
What is Boyd-Franklin's multisystems model? |
an ecostructural approach for African American families that addresses multiple systems, intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers families by utilizing strengths. Systems included in treatment may be extended family, nonblood kin, church, social services agencies, ect. |
|
|
What is network therapy? |
a multi-modal treatment that incorporates family and community members into the treatment process and situates an individual's problems within the context of his family, workplace, community, and other social systems. recommended for first nations populations |
|
|
According to Object-relations family therapy, what is a primary source of dysfunction and maladaptive behavior? |
maladaptive behavior is the result of intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification |
|
|
According to Object-relations family therapy, what is projective identification? |
, which occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member, then reacts to that person as thogh he actually is the projected characteristic or provokes that person to act in ways consistent with those charcteristics |
|
|
What is the primary goal of Object relations family therapy? |
to resolve each family members attachment to family introjects and involves addressing multiple tranferences (i.e., transferences of one family member to another, transferences of each member to the therapist, and transferences of the family as a whole to the therapist. |
|
|
What is Parallel-process? |
occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward his/her supervisor in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist. |
|
|
According to person-centered therapy, what causes maladaptive behvior? |
maladaptive behavior occurs when "incongruence between self and experience" disrupts the natural tendency to grow and self-actualize |
|
|
What is the role of the therapist in person-centered therapy? (hint: 3 facilitative conditions) |
the goal is to help the client with 3 facilitative conditions (empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard) that enable the client to return to his natural tendency for self-actualization. |
|
|
Describe George Kelly's personal construct therapy. |
the goal of this therapy is to help the client identify and revise or replace maladaptive personal constructs so that the client is better able to "make sense" of his experience. It focuses on how the client experiences the world, and assumes that a person's psychological processes are determined by how he construes events |
|
|
What are a) primary prevention? b) secondary prevention? c) tertiary prevention? |
a) primary preventions make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder b) secondary prevention identifies at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate interventions c) tertiary prevention is designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occured. |
|
|
For both men and women, admission rates into psychiatric hospitals are highest for __1____, intermediate for __2____, and lowest for ___3____. a) widowed b) married or divorced/separated c) never married |
1 = c, never married 2 = b, married or divorced/separated 3 = a, widowed |
|
|
In what age group is the highest proportion of admission rates to psychiatric hospitals? |
25-44 years old. |
|
|
What are the 5 stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model developed by Atkinson, Morten, & Sue, 1993? |
1. conformity (positive attitudes for the dominent group) 2. dissonance (confusion and conflict over contradictory attitudes) 3. resistance and immersion (active rejection of the dominant group) 4. introspection (uncertainty about the rigidity of Stage 3 beliefs) 5. integrative awareness (adoption of a multicultural perspective) |
|
|
Describe Reality therapy. |
based on choice theory, which assumes that people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how people make choices that affect the course of their lives. - people have 5 needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. - success identity is when a client fulfills these needs responsibly without infringing on the rights of others. |
|
|
According to Mahler's version of object relations theory, what is the cause for adult psychopathology? |
adult psychopathology can be traced back to problems in the separation-individuation stage, which represents the development of object relations at age 4-5 months, and is when an infant assumes his own physical and psychological identity. |
|
|
What is internalized homophobia? |
when LGBT individuals accept negative stereotypes about sexual minorities and incorporate them into their self-concept |
|
|
True or false, homosexual females tend to "come out" at an earlier age then homosexual males. |
False. research shows that the age of coming out is about the same for gay males and lesbians. |
|
|
According to Herek (2004), what is sexual stigma? |
the shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community |
|
|
According to Herek (2004), what is heterosexism? |
refers to cultural ideologies, which are systems that perpetuate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals. |
|
|
According to Herek (2004), what is sexual prejudice? |
negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. |
|
|
What did Smith, Glass, and Miller find that was counter to Eysenck's findings? |
they used meta-analysis and found that psychotherapy does have substantial benefits. - the typical therapy client is better off then 80% of untreated individuals who need treatment. |
|
|
Describe solution focused therapy. |
focuses on solutions to problems rather than on the problems themselves. The client is viewed as the "expert" while the therapist acts as a consultant who poses questions designed to assist the client in recognizing and using his strengths and resources to achieve specific goals. |
|
|
Describe Haley's strategic family therapy. |
focuses on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships. |
|
|
In Haley's strategic family therapy, what is meant by "paradoxical interventions"? |
interventions that are designed to alter the behaviour of the family members by helping them see a symptom in an alternative way or recognize they have control over their behaviours or by using their resistance in a constructive way. |
|
|
Describe Minuchin's structural family therapy. |
emphasizes altering the family structure in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. For example, when bounderies become overly rigid, family members are disengaged and when they are too diffuse, family members are enmeshed. |
|
|
According to Minuchin's structural family therapy, what are 3 chronic boundary problems? |
detouring stable coalition: trianglation: 2 family members work to reject a third. |
|
|
What does the research say about the effect of therapist-client matching on the success of therapy? |
The results are inconsistent; however, some research says that it may produce premature termination for members of some groups (e.g., asian, hispanic/latino). |
|
|
According to Prochaska and DiClemente's (1992) trantheoretical model of behavior change, what the the 6 stages of change? |
1. pre-contemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintenance 6. termination |
|
|
According to the transtheoretical model, how can an intervention be made to be more successful? |
If the intervention matches the client's stage of change. |
|
|
What are the 6 statuses (stages) of Helms' (1990) White racial identity? |
1. contact (little awareness of racism) 2. disintegration (increasing awareness of race and racism leads to confusion and conflict) 3. reintegration (idealization of White society and denigration of members of minority groups) 4. pseudo-independence (questioning racist views) 5. immersion-emersion (confrontation of own biases) 6. autonomy (internalization of a nonracist White identity) |
|
|
According to Sue (1978), what 2 factors determine a person's worldview? |
1. locus of control 2. locus of responsibility |
|
|
what is the "id" |
the id is present at a persons birth, and consists of all a person's life and death instinct and serves as the source of all psychic energy. it operates on the pleasure principle & seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual drives to avoid tension. |
|
|
what is the ego? |
the ego develops at about 6 months of age in response to the id's inability to satisfy all needs, and operates on the basis of the reality principle. the primary task of the ego is to mediate the conflicting needs of the id and that of reality. employs secondary process thinking which is rational, realistic, thinking and planning. |
|
|
what is the super-ego? |
emerges when a child is between 4 and 5. Represents internalization of society's values and standards as conveyed through parents' rewards and punishments. serves to prematurely block the id's socially unacceptable impulses. |
|
|
what is structural (drive) theory in psychoanalysis? |
consists of three structures: 1. id 2. ego 3. super-ego |
|
|
what is developmental theory in psychoanalysis? |
emphasizes sexual drives of the id during 5 stages of development which are important for a persons personality development: 1. anal 2. oral 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital over-or-under gratification at any stage can lead to pathology and dysfunction |
|
|
what is psychic determinism? |
all behaviors are meaningful and serve some psychological function |
|
|
what is introjection |
from gestalt therapy. when a person accepts concepts, facts, and standards from his/her environment without understanding or fully assimilating them fully. |
|
|
what is projection? |
from gestalt therapy. when a person disowns aspect of the self by assigning the to other people. extreme projection results in paranoia. |
|
|
what is retroflection? |
from gestalt therapy. when a person does to him/herself what he/she wishes to do to others. for example, turning anger towards another person, inward. |
|
|
what is confluence? |
from gestalt therapy. when there is no distinction between the self and the environment. this causes intolerance of differences between self and others, and can result in feelings of guilt (i.e., I wish I could be like him) and resentment (i.e., I hate him for being so successful). |
|
|
what is the difference between neurotic and existential anxiety? |
existential anxiety are considered normal responses to ultimate concerns and can serve as motivators. neurotic anxiety is often in place to avoid existential anxiety. |
|
|
what is the most common diagnosis for inpatients in the 18 - 44 age range? |
schizophrenia |
|
|
what is the most common diagnosis for inpatients in the 65+ age range? |
an organic disorder (a form of decreased mental function due to a medical or physical disease, rather than a psychiatric illness), --->>>>followed by an affective disorder. |
|
|
Jung described personality as consisting of two attitudes: |
extraversion and introversion |
|
|
Jung described personality as consisting of 4 basic psychological functions: |
thinking; feeling; sensing; and intuiting all 4 functions operate in the unconscious but only one predominates the consciousness. |
