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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Symmetrical and Complementary Communication.
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Symmetrical communication: occurs between equals, but may escalate into a competitive one-upmanship game
Complementary communication: occurs between unequal individuals and emphasizes their differences
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What is the focus of communication/interaction family therapy and which therapists are associated with it? |
Focuses on the impact of communication on family and individual functioning.
Therapists: Jackson, Satir, Haley |
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Give the style of family therapy that uses the terms symmetrical and complementary communication. |
Communication/Interaction Family Therapy |
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Emic and Etic Orientation both refer to what? |
Different orientations to understanding and describing culture. |
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Define Emic and Etic Orientation |
Emic: culture-specific orientation and involves understanding the culture from the perspective of members of the culture
Etic: culture-general orientation and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures |
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Briefly define Yalom's three formative stages of group therapy. |
First stage - orientation, participation, search for meaning, dependency on the therapist
Second stage - conflict, dominance, rebellion
Third stage - development of cohesiveness |
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What does Yalom say is the most important curative factor in group therapy? Why? |
Cohesiveness because it is the group therapy analog for the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy |
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How does Yalom propose to reduce premature termination in group therapy and enhance therapy outcomes? |
Prescreening of potential group members and post-selection preparation |
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Give and briefly describe Caplan's four types of mental health consultation. |
Client-centered case consultation - focuses on helping the consultee work more effectively with a particular client
Consultee-centered case consultation - focuses on enhancing the consulteeabiltiy to deliver services to a particular group or population
Program-centered administrative consultation - involves working with one or more administrators (the consultees) to resolve problems related to a particular program
Consultee-centered administrative consultation - involves enhancing the ability of administrators to develop, implement, and evalutate program
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Describe the three levels of prevention. |
Primary - make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder
Secondary - identify at-risk individuals who are showing early signs of a disorder and offer them appropriate interventions
Tertiary - designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occured
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What is the focus of Solution-Focused Therapy?
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Solutions to problems, rather than problems themselves |
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How are the client and therapist viewed in Solution-Focused Therapy (what is the role of each)? |
The client is viewed as the expert, the therapist is viewed as a consultant or collaborator who poses questions. |
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What are the three types of questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy?
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The Miracle Question The Exception Question The Scaling Question |
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What is the purpose of asking questions in Solution-Focused Therapy? |
The questions are designed to assist the client in recognizing and using his or her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals. |
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Give and define the three competencies necessary for culture competence (as described by Sue and Sue, 2003). |
The therapist needs awareness of his or her cultural assumptions, values, and beliefs
The therapist needs knowledge about the worldviews of culturally diverse clients
The therapist needs skills that enable him or her to provide interventions that are appropriate and effective for culturally different clients |
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What is the emphasis in Existential Therapy? |
Emphasis is on personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life |
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How to Existential Therapists describe maladaptive behaviour? |
It is the results of an inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concerns of existence |
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What are the ultimate concerns of existence in Existential Therapy? |
Death Freedom Existential isolation Meaninglessness |
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The Health Belief Model proposes that health behaviours are influenced by what three factors? |
1: The person's readiness to take a particular action (this is related to perceived susceptibility to the illness and severity of it's consequences
2: The person's evaluation of the benefits and costs of a particular action
3: the internal and external cues to action that trigger the response |
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Who was Motivational Interviewing developed for? |
Clients who are ambivalent about changing their behaviour |
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What therapy-style, model and concepts are combined in Motivational Interviewing? |
Client-centred therapy is combined with the transtheoretical model (stages of change) and the concept of self-efficacy |
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What are the specific techniques in Motivational Interviewing? |
O - open-ended questions A - affirmations R - reflective listening S - summaries |
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Give the demographic characteristics of psychiatric inpatients. |
Admission rates for both genders are lowest for the widowed, intermediate for those married/divorced/separated, highest for those never married
Other races are overrepresented (according to population proportions )
Largest proportion of admissions is for those aged 25-44 |
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What is the focus of Haley's Strategic Family Therapy? |
Transactional patterns |
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How does Haley's Strategic Family Therapy view symptoms? |
Interpersonal events that serve to control relationships |
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What is the focus of Haley's Strategic Family Therapy? |
Symptom relief (rather than insight) |
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What style of interventions are used in Haley's Strategic Family Therapy?
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Paradoxical Interventions are designed to alter the behaviour of family members by: - helping them see a symptom in an alternate way - recognize they have control over their behaviours - using their resistance in a constructive way |
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Give some examples of paradoxical interventions used in Haley's Strategic Family Therapy. |
Ordeal Prescribing the symptom Reframing |
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Give the explanations, both traditional and according to research, for how Acupuncture works. |
Traditional: Illness is due to a blockage of qi (vital energy), acupuncture unblocks the flow of qi along the pathways through which it circulates the body
Research: May be due to the release of pain-suppressing substances or to an alteration in blood flow areas around the needle or in certain brain regions |
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What is cybernetics concerned with? |
Communication processes and feedback loops |
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Describe negative and positive feedback loops |
Negative Feedback Loop: reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo
Positive Feedback Loop: Amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system |
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Give the basic premise and focus of Feminist Theory |
Premise: The personal is political
Focus: Empowerment and social change, acknowledges and minimizes the power differential inherent in the client-therapist relationship |
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What is the difference between Feminist Theory and Non-Sexist Theory? |
Non-sexist Therapy focuses more on the personal causes of behaviour and personal change |
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Self-in-Relation Theory combine which two theories? |
Self-in-Relation Theory applies feminism to object relations theory
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How does Self-In-Relations theory explain gender differences? |
Proposes that many gender differences can be traced to the differences in the early mother-daughter and mother-son relationships |
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What is Howard et al. (1996) dose dependent effect? |
75% of clients showed measurable improvement at 26 sessions
At 52 sessions, this number only increased to 85% |
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Describe Howard et al. (1996) phase model for psychotherapy |
Predicts that the effects of psychotherapy are related to the number of sessions and distinguished between three phases:
Remoralization - feelings of hopelessness and desperation respond quickly (first few session)
Remediation - focus is on the symptoms that brought the client to therapy (about 16 sessions)
Rehabilitation - focus is on unlearning troublesome, maladaptive, habitual behaviours |
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How do Object Relations Family Therapist view maladaptive behaviour? |
Maladaptive behaviour is the result of both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors |
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What do Object Relations Family Therapists view as a primary source of dysfunction? Describe. |
Projective identification - Occurs when a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as those he or she actually has the projected characteristics OR provokes the person to act in ways consistent with those characteristics |
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What is the primary goal of Object Relations Family Therapists? |
Resolve each family members attachment to family introjects and involves addressing multiple transferences (one family member to another, each member to the therapist, whole family to the therapist) |
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Define an introject according to Object Relations Theory |
Internalized representations of objects and object relations |
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What is Separation-Individuation according to Mahler? |
Mahler is an Object Relations theorist who focuses on the process by which an infant assumes his or her own physical and psychological identity
Beginning of object relations occurs during separation-individuation at age 4-5 months |
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According to Mahler, what can adult psychopathology be traced to? |
Problems that occurred during separation-individuation |
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Give the stages in the Transtheoretical Model of Change (Prochaska and DiClemente) |
Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination |
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What does the Transtheoretical Model believe about interventions? |
Interventions need to be match to the clients Stage of Change
Precontemplation to Contemplation - use dramatic relief, consciousness raising, environmental reevalutation |
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Define Adler's Teleological Approach |
Regards behaviour has being largely motivated by a person's future goals rather than determined by past events |
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What does Adler stress in his theory of personality? |
The unity of the individual Belief that behaviour is purposeful and goal directed |
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Give the key concepts in Adler's personality theory |
Inferiority feelings Striving for superiority Style of life |
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How does Adler define maladaptive behaviour? |
Maladaptive behaviour represents a mistaken style of life that reflect inadequate social interest |
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What does Adler mean by "style of life"? |
Style of life is affected by early experiences, especially those within the family context - it unifies the various aspects of personality - it can be healthy or mistaken - the styles are differentiate by social interest |
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Define Diagnostic Overshadowing |
Originally used to describe the tendency of health professional to attribute all behavioural, social, and emotional problems to mental retardation in individuals with this diagnosis (this also applies to other diagnoses and situations) |
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According to Freud, what is the purpose of defence mechanisms? |
Defence mechanisms are used when the ego is unable to ward off danger (anxiety) through rationale means |
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Give and define three of Freud's defence mechansisms |
Repression - occurs when the Id's drives and needs are excluded from conscious awareness
Reaction Formation - involves avoiding an anxiety-evoking impulse by expressing its opposite
Projection - occurs when a threatening impulse is attributed to another person or an external source
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Give the two common characteristics of Freud's defence mechanisms |
1: operate on an unconscious level
2: serve to deny or distorte reality |
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What things are part of Freud's analysis? |
free associations, dreams, resistances, tranferances |
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Define the techniques used by Freud to perform his analysis. |
Confrontation: making statements that help the client see behaviour in a new way
Clarification: clarifying and restating clients feelings and remarks in clearer terms
Interpretations: explicitly connects current behaviour to unconscious processes
Working through: allows client to gradually assimilate new insights into personality |
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Define hypnosis and explain what it is characterized by |
Involves experiencing alterations in memory, perception, and mood in response to suggestion
Characterized by a subjective experiential change |
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What does the research on the use of hypnosis to recover memories reveal? |
It does not enhance the accuracy of memories
It may produce more pseudomemories (inaccurate or confabulated) than accurate memories
May exaggerate a person's confidence in the validity of uncertain memories
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Define parallel process |
Occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves towards his or her supervisor in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist |
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Define internalized homophobia |
Occurs when LGBT individuals accept negative stereotypes about sexual minorities and incorporate them into their self-concept
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What are the consequences of internalized homophobia? |
Low self-esteem, self-doubt, self-destructive behaviour |
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Coming out is associate with what positive and negative consequences? |
Positive: higher levels of self-esteem, positive affectivity, lower anxiety
Negative: rejection |
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The age of coming out is similar or different for males and females? |
Similar |
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What was the original purpose of treatment manuals? |
To standardize psychotherapeutic treatments so their effects could be empirically evaluated
To provide guidelines for training therapists |
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Give a limitation of treatment manuals |
May oversimplify the therapeutic process |
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Define cultural encapsulation as described by Wrenn |
When a counsellor interprets everyone's reality through his or her own cultural assumptions
Stereotypes and disregards cultural differences
Disregards their own cultural biases |
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Define differentiation and emotional triangles as used by Bowen in Extended Family Systems Therapy |
Differentiation: ability to separate intellectual and emotional functioning, this helps to prevent becoming "fused" with the emotions that dominate the family
Emotional Triangle: develops when a two-person system attempts to reduce instability and stress by recruiting and third person |
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How does Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen) usually begin and why? |
Extended Family Systems Therapy usually beings with creating a genogram, which depicts the relationships between family members, date of significant life events and important information |
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What is the goal of Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen)? |
To increase the differentiation of all family members |
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Define High and Low-Context Communication and explain which cultural group is more likely to use each. |
High-Context Communication - relies on shared cultural understanding and non-verbal cues, it helps to unify a culture and is slow to change, used by many culturally diverse groups
Low-Context Communication - relies primarily on the verbal message, is less unifying, and can change rapidly and easily, more likely to be used by Anglos |
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What is Boyd-Franklin's Multisystems Model? |
Multisystems model is an ecostructural approach for African American families - addresses multiple systems - intervenes at multiple levels - empowers the family by utilizing its strengths
May incorporate systems like, extended family, nonblood kin, church and community, social service agencies |
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Give the 5 stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model |
Conformity: positive attitudes for dominant groups
Dissonance: confusion and conflict over contradictory attitudes
Resistance and Immersion: active rejection of the dominant group
Introspection: uncertainty about the rigidity of resistance and immersion beliefs
Integrative awareness: adoption of a multicultural perspective |
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What does the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model attempt to explain? |
It attempts to explain the five stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture and the oppressive relations between the two cultures |
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What does Minuchins Structural Family Therapy emphasize? |
Structural family therapy emphasizes the need to alter the family structure in order to change the behaviour patterns of its family members |
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Define the following "boundaries" according to Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin) and why they were the focus of therapy |
Boundaries are the rules that determine the amount of contact that is allowed between family members
When the boundaries are overly rigid, family members are disengaged
When the boundaries are overly diffuse or permeable, family members are emmeshed |
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Describe the three types of boundary problems (rigid triads) that Structural Family Therapy distiguish between. |
Detouring - parents focus on a child by overprotecting or blaming the child for the families problems
Triangulation (unstable coaltition) - occurs when each parent demands that the child side with him or her against the other parent |
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Define acculturation according to Berry |
The degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to the values, attitudes, behaviours of his or her own group and then dominant culture |
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Give the four stages of acculturation according the Berry |
Integration - person maintains minority culture but also incorporates aspects of the dominant culture
Assimilation - accepts majority culture, while relinquishing own culture
Separation - person withdraws from dominant culture and accepts own culture
Marginalization - person does not identify with either culture |
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Define cultural and functional paranoia according to Ridley |
Cultural paranoia is a healthy reaction to racism - the African American client does not disclose to the White therapist due to a fear of being hurt or misunderstood
Functional paranoia is due to pathology - the African American client does not disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity, as a result of mistrust and suspicion |
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What is Eysenck's contribution to psychology? |
Eysencl was a British psychologist who reviewed psychotherapy outcome studies in 1952. He found that 72% of untreated neurotic individuals improved without therapy, while 66% of patients receiving eclectic psychotherapy and 44% receiving psychoanalytical psychotherapy showed a decrease in symptoms.
He concluded that any apparent benefit of therapy is due to spontaneous remission. |
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Give the four stages of Troiden's 1988 model of homosexual identity development. |
Sensitization/feeling difference Self-recognition/identity confusion Identity assumption Commitment/identity commitment |
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What is network treatment and what population is is effective with? |
Network treatment is a mulitmodal treatment that incorporates family and community members into the treatment process and situates an individuals problems within the context of their family, workplace, community, and social systems
Network treatment is effective with American Indian/First Nation clients, often as a treatment for alcohol and drug abuse |
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Describe Glasser's Reality Therapy |
Reality Therapy is based on choice theory - assumes that people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how people make choices that affect the course of their lives.
A person adopts a success (versus failure) identity when they fulfil their basic needs in a responsible way. |
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What are the 5 basic innate needs as described by Glasser's Reality Therapy? |
Survival Love and belonging Power Freedom Fun |
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What does the research tell us about therapist-client matchings in terms of race, ethinicity, or culture? |
Inconsistent results
Matching may reduce premature termination for members of some groups (Hispanic/Latino, Asian |
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What factors (other than matching race, ethnicity, or culture), may be more important in reducing premature termination of therapy? |
Similarity in values or worldview |
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Define alloplastic and autoplastic interventions |
Alloplastic intervention - goal is to make changes to the environment so that it better accommodates the individual
Autoplastic intervention - goals is to make changes to the individual so that he or she is better able to function effectively in the environment |
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Define double-bind communication |
Involves conflicting negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally (e.g. "do that and you'll be punished" and "don't do that and you'll be punished" |
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Double-bind communication is an etiological factor in what psychological disorder? |
Schizophrenia |
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How does General System Theory define a system? |
An entity that is maintained by the mutual interactions of its components and assumes that the actions of interacting components are best understood by studying them in their context. |
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How do family therapists generally view the family? |
Family therapist view the family as a general system - an open system that continuously receives input from and discharges output to the environment and is adaptable to change |
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Define the term homeostasis as used by General Systems Theory |
Homeostasis is the tendency for a family to act in ways that maintain the family's equilibrium or status quo |
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Give the primary problem areas address in Interpersonal Therapy |
Unresolved grief Interpersonal role disputes Role transitions Interpersonal deficits |
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What was Interpersonal Therapy originally developed to treat? |
Depression |
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What is the main focus of Interpersonal Therapy? |
symptom reduction |
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Give the three facilitative conditions described by Person-Centred Therapy |
1. Empathy 2. Genuineness 3. Unconditional positive regard |
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What is the basic assumption of Person-Centred Therapy? |
People possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization |
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How do Person-Centred Therapist define maladaptive behaviour? |
Maladaptive behaviour occurs when incongruence between self and experience disrupts the persons natural tendency to self-actualize |
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Define sexual stigma |
the shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any non-heterosexual behaviour, identity, relationship, or community |
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Define heterosexism |
Refers to a cultures ideologies which are systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions that promote and perpetuate antipathy, hostility and violence against homosexuals |
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Define sexual prejeudice |
Refers to negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual or heterosexual |
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Higher levels of sexual prejudice are found in what populations? |
Heterosexual males Older Lower education levels Living in Southern or Midwestern states or rural areas Have limited personal contact with homosexuals
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Give the phases and statuses of the White Racial Identity Development Model |
Abandoning Racism Phase Status 1: Contact - little awareness of racism Status 2: Disintegration - increasing awareness of race and racism which leads to conflict and confusion Status 3: Reintegration - idealization of white society and denigration of members of minority groups
Developing a Non-racist White Identity Phase Status 4: Pseudo-independence - questioning of racist views Status 5: Immersion-emersion - confrontation of own biases Status 6: Autonomy - internalization of non-racist White identity
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Explain the stages of the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model |
Pre-encounter stage - race and racial identity have low salience Encounter stage - person has greater racial/cultural awareness and is interested in developing a Black identity Immersion/Emersion stage - race and racial identity have high salience, person moves from intense Black involvement (immersion) to strong anti-White attitudes (emersion) Internalization stage - race continues to have high salience, person adopts an Afrocentric, biculturist/multiculturist orientation |
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Give the difference between efficacy and effectiveness research |
Efficacy studies - include clinical trails, can help determine is a therapy or treatment is successful
Effectiveness studies - include correlations and quasi-experimental designs, can help determine clinical utility of a therapy or treatment |
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Describe the concept of "awareness" in Gestalt Thearpy |
In Gestalt Therapy, awareness is a full understanding of one's thoughts, feelings, actions in the here-and-now. |
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Define a boundary disturbance as used in Gestalt Therapy |
A boundary disturbance is an introjection that leads to an abandonment of the self, for the self image |
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How do Gestalt Therapist view transference? |
Gestalt therapist view transference as counter-productive.
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How does Jung view behaviour? |
Jung views behaviour as being determined by conscious and unconscious factors |
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Describe the collective unconscious as it is used by Jung |
The collective unconscious is the repository of latent memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next. It includes archtypes or primordial images. |
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Give some examples of archetypes as described by Jung |
The self - represents striving for a unity of the different parts of the personality The persona - public mask The shadow - dark side of the personality the anima - feminine the animus - masculine |
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What does Jung consider to be therapeutic strategies? |
Interpretation of dreams and transferences |
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What does Jung mean by individuation? |
The integrations of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that occurs in later years and leads to a unique identity and the development of wisdom |
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What is the focus on George Kelly's Personal Construct Therapy? |
How the client experiences the world |
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Give the underlying assumptions of George Kelly's Personal Construct Therapy |
A person's psychological processes are determined by the way he or she "construes" (perceives, predicts interprets) events.
Construing involves the use of personal constructs which are bipolar dimensions of meaning that begin to develop in infancy |
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What is the goal of George Kelly's Personal Construct Therapy? |
To help the client identify and revise or replace maladaptive personal constructs so the client is better able to make sense of his or her experiences |
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Contrary to earlier findings, what did Smith, Glass and Miller find in regards to psychotherapy outcomes? |
Smith et al.'s metanalysis found that psychotherapy does have substantial benefits
Average effect size of 0.95, which means that the typical therapy client is better off than 80% of individuals who need therapy but are untreated |
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Define "worldview" as used by Sue |
A person's worldview is affected by his or her cultural background and is determined by two factors: 1: locus of control 2: locus of responsibility
Differences in worldview can affects the therapeutic process |
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According to Sue, what is the world view of most White-middle class therapists? African-American clients? |
White middle class therapists - internal locus of control, internal locus of responsibility
African-American client - internal locus of control, external locus of responsibility |
