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148 Cards in this Set
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id
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pleasure principle
basic biological drives unconscious, unorganized processes deduced from dreams, "slips", free assoc., etc. |
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ego
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reality principle
logical, ordered, reason, judgement |
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superego
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conscience
consequence of successful passage thru Oedipal stage internalization of parental restrictions & customs |
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according to psychoanalytic theory, what is basic dynamic of personality?
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conflict of ego (bt id/superego/reality)
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repression
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rejection from consciousness painful/shameful experiences
-aim of psychoanalysis is to bring conflicts out of repression |
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denial
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feelings, thoughts, needs that cause anxiety are not acknowledged. (not necc. painful/shameful exp. like in repression)
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reaction formation
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typical of OCD
replace unacceptable urges by opposites |
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rationalization
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giving a socially-acceptable reason to explain unacceptable behavior/thoughts
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projection
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placing unacceptable wishes on another
includes severe prejudice, hypervigilance to external danger |
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displacement
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transferring emotion from orignial object to a safer one. ex. phobias displace fears onto other objects
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fixation
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stuck in a stage of development that has been attained successfully and returns to stag when problems too much to cope
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sublimation
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transformation of libidinal urges into socially-acceptable interests/activities
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projective identification
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depositing unwanted aspects of self onto another, then identify with aspects of other to recover them. Often through pressure of other to experience similar feelings.
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splitting
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focus on dividing external objects into "all good, all bad"
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intellectualization
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control of emotion and impulses by thinking about them rather than experiencing them.
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undoing
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symbolic acting-out in reverse of something unacceptable one has already done.
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signal anxiety
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signals break-down of defensive structure
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primary process
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unconsicous
governed by id |
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secondary process
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conscious
governed by ego |
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resistance
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reluctance of px to recall traumatic memories (Freud)
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transference
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px projecting own feelings/thoughts/attitudes of persons in past onto analyst
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catharsis
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emotional release from recall of unconscious material
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insight
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px sees connection between behaviors and unconscious material
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working through
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final stage in psychoanalysis
results in assimilation of insights into personality |
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Analytic Psychology
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Jung
unconscious exists on two levels: 1) individual or personal unconscious - arises from repression 2) collective unconscious - universally inherited neural patterns or "archetypes" - |
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Archetypes
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Jung - predispositions to perception/emotion we all share
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Jung's extroversion & introversion, when switch?
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developmentally-determined, we all turn from extroversion of youth to introversion in adulthood.
Mid-point of life cycle, around 40 y.o. |
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Inferiority complexes
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Adler's theory
Every child experiences feelings of inferiority that supply motivation to grow & dominate |
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Style of life
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Adler
compensatory patterns of behavior initiated to overcome inferiority feelings |
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Goal of Adlerian therapy
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help client replace "mistaken style of life" with healthier one
ex. Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) and STE-Teaching (STET) |
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basic anxiety - Who and what?
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-Horney (neo-freudian)
-a feeling of helpless and isolation in hostile world -caused by parental behaviors -conseq. relates to move against, toward, or away from others |
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Prototaxic Mode - Who and what?
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-Sullivan
-infant cognitive experience in first mos of life -experiences before language symbols used -characterize experience of schizophrenics |
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3 modes of cognitive experience in infant
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-Sullivan
Prototaxic: 1st months, unconnected moments Parataxic: see causal connections not actually related = developing self Syntaxic: End of 1st yr, symbols w/shared meaning, logical & sequential. Underlies language acquisition |
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According to Sullivan, what causes neurotic behavior?
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parataxic distortions - relating to others as if they were significant persons from early life
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Fromm - emphasized what?
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(neo-freudian) role of societal factors in personality dev. How societal demands prevent ind. from realizing true nature
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Ego-Analysts: Anna Freud, Rappaport, Hartmann
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-Focus on role of ego in personality dev.
-healthy beh is under conscious control -pathology ensues when ego loses autonomy from id -"re-parenting" |
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object introject
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mental representation of a person, either the self or another.
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"psychological birth": who, when, what?
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-Mahler
-3rd year of life -infant ego develop stable self identity and ability to maintain representation of another (healthy development) |
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Self-psychology: who & best known work?
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-Kohut
-Narcissism: natural self-love develops protective grandiose self |
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Object-relations therapy involves what?
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re-parenting
facilitates reintegration of ego |
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Major difference between freudian and neo-freudian therapists?
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neo-freudians emphasize social and cultural, as opposed to intrapsychic, determinants of personality
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Jung's conception of transference vs. Freud
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Jung believed projection would include both personal and collective unconscious
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3 char of Client-centered therapy
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Accurate Empathic Understanding
Unconditional Positive Regard Congruence of therapist words/actions |
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neurotic vs. existential anxiety
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existential anxiety, or normal anxiety, is fit to the cause and can be used constructively.
Neurotic anxiety results when one tries to evade normal anxiety and leads to inability to take responsibility for own life |
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Goals of existential therapy
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eliminate neurotic anxiety and help client learn to tolerate the unavoidable existential anxiety of living.
Client-therapist relationhip important (egalitarian) |
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Gestalt Therapy, who & what?
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Fritz Perls
idea that each person is capable fo assuming responsibility and living as a whole, integrated person |
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self vs. self image
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gestalt therapy
-self: promotes actualization, growth, and awareness -self image: imposes external standards on self and impairs self-actualization and growth |
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boundary disturbances
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gestalt therapy
results in a person who is less controlled by self and more controlled by self image (includes introjection, projection etc.) |
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retroflection
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a person does to himself that which he wants to do to others
-chief mechanism underlying isolation, according to gestalt |
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deflection
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avoidance of contact/awareness by being vague, indirect or overly polite
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confluence
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-lack of or thin boundaries bt self & environment
-self is merged into beliefs, attitudes, and feelings of others |
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isolation
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non-existent boundary between self & environment
-all understanding of importance of others for hte self is lost |
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goals and techniques of gestalt therapy
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-goal is awareness of self/environ/boundary bt two
-here and now focus, transference is fantasy getting in way of true self-awareness |
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reality therapy, who and basic tenents
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Glasser
-meet basic needs w/o hurting self or others -focus client on present behavior & responsibility for actions -move from failure identity to success identity |
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Five basic needs according to reality therapy
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-Glasser
1)survival 2)power 3)belonging 4)freedom 5)fun |
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success vs. failure identity
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Glasser - Reality therapy
success identity: ind is able to meet basic needs responsibly failure identity: ind meets needs in irresponsible manner |
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Transactional Analysis, who and goals?
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-Berne
-alter maladaptive life positions and life scripts, and integrate three ego states (child, adult, parent) |
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script
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Transactional Analysis
-characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes. -unhealthy scripts lead to maladaptive behavior |
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complementary transaction
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communication met with appropriate response (ie. adult-adult)
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crossed transaction
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original communication elicits response from inappropriate ego state (ie. adult-child)
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ulterior transaction
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dual messages from one of the communicators, ie. multiple ego states
-basis of "games" where use adult transaction to criticize (what time is it? to someone who is late) |
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feminist therapy, basic assumption & how conflict arises?
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assumption that social roles and socialization are important determinants of behavior
-conflicts arise from social role conflicts (ex. sexism and gender oppression) |
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Emphasis of feminist therapy
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1) empowerment
2) "demystified" relationship bt client/therapist, equalizing power through self-disclosure of therapist and encouraging client to set own goals |
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feminist vs. non-sexist therapy
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feminist therapy incorproates feminist values, more political, and views contributing to political change as therapy goal
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Feminist object-relations theory
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focus on mother-child attachment differences bt genders. Changes in gender relations will occur with equality in responsibility for child-rearing.
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Self-in-relation theory
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one's sense of self depends on how one connects with others.
-relational self developed through internalization of caretaker's empathic attitude -goal of therapy to increase interpersonal connections, esp. mother-daughter |
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Cognitive Techniques
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1. eliciting automatic thoughts
2. Decatastrophizing - "what if" 3. Reattribution - consider alt. 4. Redefining |
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Evaluation of Cognitive Therapy
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Research show CT equal or superior to antidepressant drugs (yet, combined tx most effective)
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differences between RET and CT (Ellis vs. Beck)
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RET: irrational thoughts lead to maladaptive behavior
CT: thoughts dysfunctional if interefere w/functioning, not necc. irrational RET: more behavioral, therapist challenge directly vs. allow px to test beliefs on own (CT) |
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Narrowing
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stimulus control technique
restricting target beh to limited set of stimuli (ex. obese: eat only at dinner table at certain time) |
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stimulus control techniques most effective when?
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When implemented at the BEGINNING of a response chain
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stress inoculation training useful for treating what?
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aggressive behavior and impulsive anger
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Three factors in hypnosis
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1. absorption
2. dissociation 3. suggestibility |
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Hypnosis helpful in treating what?
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dissociative disorders, PTSD, self-control disorders (smoking/overeating), phobic disorders
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Hypnosis contraindicated in tx of what?
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psychotic disorders, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive personality traits, severely depressed and manic px
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Hypnosis most effective when?
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-client high level of ability to be hypnotized
-goal is to build sense of control over emotional/behavioral exp |
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biofeedback effectiveness
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-found no more effective then less costly tx like relaxation
-tx of choice for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease |
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What is EMG and what used for?
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-Electromyograph biofeedback
-measure muscle tension (M) -used treat tension headaches |
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paradoxical intention
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-instruct px to do what they fear (ex. insomniacs to stay awake)
-circumvents anticipatory anxiety |
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Change model, who & stages?
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Prochaska & DiClemente
1. precontemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintenance |
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Motivational interviewing, who & what?
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-Miller and Rollnick ("roll w/it")
-help move ppl through change stages |
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positive vs. negative feedback in systems theory
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positive: disruption of family's homeostasis
negative: restores comfortable equilibrium (counterintuitive!) |
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metacommunication vs. double-bind communication
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metacommunication is the implicit non-verbal message intended (could qualify/enhance/contradict), contradictory messages include double-bind communication (two aspects of same message)
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symmetrical communications
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equality between communicators
can lead to competition and conflict when each vies for control |
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complementary communications
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inequality - dominant role and subordinate role - ex. parent/child or therapist/client
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Extended family therapy, who & what?
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-Bowen
-included extended family in system -family dysfunction part of "intergenerational process" |
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Goal of extended family therapy and methods?
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-Bowen
-goal: differentation of self -methods: genogram, "therapeutic triangle" |
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Structural Family Therapy, who and what?
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-Minuchin
-family is a complex, underfunctioning system -undermining homeostasis will move system toward change |
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"Joining" in Structural Family Therapy involves what?
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mimesis - adopting family's style and language
tracking - identifying family's values and history |
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Restructuring techniques
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1. enactment
2. reframing 3. blocking |
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Strategic Family Therapy, who and what?
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-Haley
-therapy is power struggle bt family and therapist -focus on current problem, correct problem will improve family system |
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paradoxical directive
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-method of strategic family therapist
-directive to engage in symptomatic behavior -harnesses resistance to directive of therapist to influence change |
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circular questioning
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-method of strategic FT
-ask family members about relationships of each |
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Operant Interpersonal Therapy, who and what?
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Stuart
-marital therapy based on operant conditioning and social exchange theory -increasing positive reinforcements and exhanges |
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composition of groups with regard to children
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-avoid age differences of more than two years
-same gender |
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What is most important group composition factor?
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intelligence level - should be same
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disagreement between co-therapists in group, when okay/not okay
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not during first few meetings, when cohesive enough to tolerate
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According to yalom, which 3 therapeutic factors are most important?
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interpersonal learning
cartharsis cohesiveness |
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primary goals of crisis intervention
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1. immediate symptom reduction
2. increase coping skills 3. restoration to previous level of functioning 4. prevention of further psychological breakdowns |
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stages of crisis intervention
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formulation - identify crisis and reactions
implementation - develop goals & implement techniques termination - goals achieved |
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brief psychotherapy vs. crisis intervention
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brief psychotherapy is similar to crisis intervention but includes encouragement of insight
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primary goals of brief psychotherapy
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1. remove/reduce px mostsevere symptoms quickly
2. restore client to previous emotional equilibrium 3. help px acquire insight and skills so cope better in future |
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what is the primary change strategy in brief therapy?
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therapeutic alliance
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solution-focused therapy's view of resistance
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do not support this notion
believe therapist take resistance as lesson on how to better help client |
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Elevations on MMPI L Scale
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perfectionistic self-image
favorable light |
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Elevations on MMPI F Scale
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infrequently endorsed by normals
looking bad, admitting faults, cry for help |
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Elevations on MMPI K Scale
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defensiveness/guardedness
deny problems low score=low self-image high score=high defenses/armor |
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Validity of Rorschach
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larger validity coefficients than MMPI when using objective criterion variables (ex. Exner scoring)
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Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) measures interest in what three ways?
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1. general occupational themes - Holland - RIASEC
2. basic interest scales - #1 broken down specifically i.e. realistic=agri, military 3. occupational scale scores - career choices of those interests |
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Name 6 general occupational themes in SCII derived from Holland's work.
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RICE AS
Realistic Investigative Conventional Enterprising Artistic Social |
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Occupational scales of SCII developed using what?
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Empirical criterion keying (like MMPI)
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Predictive validity of Strong scales
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.30 predictive validity
-predicts occupational satisfaction/choice rather than success |
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Kuder vs. Strong
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1. Kuder assesses general interests while Strong relates interest to specific occupations
2. Kuder uses content validity vs. empirical criterion keying |
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Halstead-Reitan
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Neuropsyc battery
LONG - 4-5 hours |
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Luria Nebraska
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Neuropsyc battery
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Bender Gestalt
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-screening device for brain damage and psychiatric disorders
-high validity |
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Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)
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2-10 years old
identifies deficiencies in communication process (i.e. channels, processes & levels) |
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Stroop Color Word Test
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screening device for neurological damage, especially frontal lobe
(shift set, inhibition) |
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Smith, Glass & Miller concluded what about therapy effectiveness?
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-therapy better than no therapy
-effect size .85 (better than 85% of controls) -no particular therapy better than another |
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Conclusion Eysenk drew about therapy effectiveness?
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-1952: therapy not significant from no therapy
-1985: behavior therapy superior to placebo or no therapy |
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placebo effect
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-show more improvement than no tx at all, but not more than those actually receiving tx
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What variables best predict therapy outcome?
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client variables > therapist or tx variables
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relationship between client-therapist expectations and outcome
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cosistently shown when px expectations addressed and made to conform to therapist expectations then probability of positive outcome is increased
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which therapist variable most affects treatment outcome?
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competence, although overall it is unclear exactly what variable or combo of variables most affects tx outcome
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which treatment variable most important?
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working/therapeutic alliance
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Weisz et. al.'s major findings regarding tx outcome with children/Adol
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1. girls respond better, esp. adol girls
2. behavioral > non-behavioral 3. effect size .71 |
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Howard's three phase model of psychotherapy effectiveness
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1. remoralization - improvement in px hopelessness
2. remediation - symptomatic relief 3. rehabilitation - improvement in functioning |
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emic
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-studying culture from within it
-approached advised for therapists |
member
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etic
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studying culture as an observer/outsider
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tourist
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cultural encapsulation
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opposite of cultural-competent
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Berry's Acculturation Model
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-based on retention of minority and maintenance of mainstream culture
1. Integration - high both 2. Assimilation - low minority/high mainstream 3. Separation - high minority/low mainstream 4. Marginalization - low both |
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high context communication
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-few words but high meaning
-relies heavily on codes, non-verbal, culturally-defined meanings -most minority communication -AA, His, NA |
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low-context communication
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-many words to convey meaning
-Anglo-American communication |
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cultural overgeneralization
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when therapist assumes all px presenting problems are diectly related to px's culture vs. other factors
-leads to premature drop out and underutilization |
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healthy cultural paranoia
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normal (nonpathological) response of minorities to oppression and racism
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utilization of mental health services by minorities
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-over represented in inpx, but under represented in outpx
-In outpx, relative to proportions in pop, AA were overrep while His, Asians, whites underrep -AA less positive outcomes and terminate more quickly -utilization related to # of minority on staff |
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Stages of the Minority Identity Development Model
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1. Conformity
2. Dissonance 3. Resistance and Immersion 4. Introspection 5. Synergistic Articulation and Awareness |
don't CONFORM to DIS, RESIST IMMediately this INTROduction to SYN.
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White Racial Identity, Helms
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racism to non-racist identity
1. Contact 2. Disintegration 3. Reintegration 4. Pseudo-Independence 5. Immersion-Emersion 6. Autonomy |
Contact (lenses)
DR (see the Dr.) Pseudo-Eyes Immersion-Emersion (cleaning) Autonomy (see on own) |
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Unique issues working with African-American clients
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-problem-oriented
-time-limited -practical vs. emotional probs -systems approach |
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Nigrescence/Black Racial Identity Model (Cross)
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-process of becoming black
1. Pre-Encounter 2. Encounter 3. Immersion-Emersion 4. Internalization 5. Internalization-Commitment |
Put Emphasis Immediately Into Committment
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Unique issues working with Hispanic clients
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-go to physician for emotional concerns
-active, goal-oriented -family importance -bilingualism |
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Cuento therapy
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reading cuents (folktales) and leading group discussion about them, focusing on behavior of character and morals of story
-original form - cultural role models -rewritten to reflect mainstream culture - learn strategies for coping in different culture |
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Unique aspects of therapy with Native Americans
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-tribe, family system
-non-directive, NOT solution focused -history-oriented -accepting/cooperative approach |
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Unique aspects of therapy with Asian Americans
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-direct, structured, short-term
-couched w/i academic/vocational issue -helpful to discuss what to expect from therapy, roles, and need for verbal disclosure |
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Unique aspects of therapy with elderly
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-systems approach
-identity transitions -satisfying relationships -normalizing depression in older pop -use of reminiscence therapy - life review of successes/shortcomings and stresses resolution of conflicts |
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McLaughlin's Homosexuality Identity Formation
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1. Isolation
2. Alienation/Shame 3. Rejection of self 4. Passing as straight 5. Consolidating self identity 6. Acculturation 7. Integrating self/public identity 8. Pride and synthesis |
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Erickson's model of hypnotherapy
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-finding strategy necessary to get px to give up symptom
-ex. paradoxical directive |
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stages of Rorschach administration
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1. introduction
2. instructional 3. response 4. inquiry |
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