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57 Cards in this Set
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Mental Health Consultation
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Type of Consultation derived from the ,medical/psychiatric model. Related to Caplan and General Systems Theory. 4 types: client centered case consultation; consultee-centered case consultatin; program centered administrative consultation; consultee centered administrative consultation
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Strategic Family Therapy
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Family therapy approach that focuses on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships; focuses on symptom relief (as opposed to insight); and uses specific strategies such as paradoxical techniques and homework. Influenced by structural family therapy, communication/interaction school, and the work of Milton Erickson
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HALEY
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Motivational Interviewing
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developed for clients who are ambivalent about their changing behaviors and combines transtheoretical stages of change model with client centered therapy and self-efficacy
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EMIC v. ETIC
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Different approaches to understanding and describing cultures. emic: culture specific and involves understanding culture from perspective of member of the culture. Etic: culture general and assumes universal principles can be applied to all cultures.
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sexual prejudice and heterosexism
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argues that sexual prejudice is more precise term than homophobia and describes sexual prejudice as all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bi, or hetero. Herek also uses the term hterosexism, defined as "ideological system that denies denigrates, and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community"
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HEREK
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existential therapy
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derived from existential philosophy and share an emphasis on the human conditions of depersonaliztion, loneliness, and isolation and the assumption that people are not static, but are in a constant state of "becoming"
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formative and summative evaluations
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evaluation is actually and ongoing process that takes place throughout the entire consultation. Formative evaluations: periodically conducted to assess consultation process. Summative: conducted to assess consultation product
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therapist-client matching related to ethnicity
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research on therapist client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown that it increases duration of treatment, but does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes.
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Jung's analytical psychotherapy
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form of psychodynamic therapy that views behavior as being determined by both cs and ucs factors, including the collective ucs. techniques include the use of transference, interpretation, and dreamwork. Based on the theory that personality development continues throughout the lifespan
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Jung's transference
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projections of both the personal and collective ucs
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Interpersonal therapy
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originally developed as a tx for depression, but now applied to other conditions, too. Recognizes the contributions of early experience, biological predisposition, and personality to depression. Focuses more on the four areas of interpersonal fxing:
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Four areas of interpersonal functioning in interpersonal therapy
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grief, interpersonal role disputes, role tranistions, and interpersonal deficits
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hypnosis
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research examining the accuracy of memories retrieved under hypnosis suggests that they are often distorted or inaccurate and may produce pseudomemories. However, they may have therapeutic relevance, even in historically inaccurate.
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Black racial identity model
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based on teh assumption that AfAm identity development is directly linked to racial oppression and consists of the following four stages: preencounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, internalization/commitment
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Cross
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Group Therapy-3 stages
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therapy groups typically pass through 3 formative stages: 1-orientation, participation, search for meaning and dependency 2-conflict, dominance, and rebellion, 3-development of cohesion. last stage paves the way for increased self disclosures, greater participation in therapy, adherence to group norms.
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Yalom
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Yalom's curative group factors
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cohesiveness is most important and is analog for therapist-client relationship in group therapy.
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Yalom's reasons to prescreen and prepare group members
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reduces premature termination from group therapy, enhances therapy outcomes
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Gay/Lesbian identity development model
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sensitization; identity confusion; identity assumption, identity commitment
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Troiden
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Adler's individual psychotherapy
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personality theory and approach to therapy that stress the unity of the indivdiual and the belief that behavior is purpsoeful and goal-directed. Key concepts are inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, and style of life. Maladaptive behavior represents a mistaken style of life that reflects inadequate social interest
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Smith, Glass, & Miller
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researchers who have used meta-analysis to combine the results of psychotherapy outcome studies and who found, contrary to Eysenck, that psychotherapy does have a susbantial effect for adults-typeical effect size of .85. Typical therapy client i sbetter off than 80% of individuals who need treatment but are untreated.
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Diagnostic overshadowing
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originally used to describe the tendency of health professional to attribute all behavioral, social and emotional problems to mental retardation in individuals with MR. Subsequent research has shown that diagnostic overshadowing is not relation to theoretical orientation, expertise or experience, and that it applies to other diagnoses and situations.
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reality therapy
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the primary goal is to help clients identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and develop a success identity.
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6 aspects of reality therapy
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1. rejects medical model and concept of mental illness; 2. focuses on current behaviors and beliefs; 3. views transference as detrimental to therapy progress; 4. stresses conscious processes; 5. emphasizes value judgments, especially client's ability to judge what is right and wrong in his/her daily life, 6. teaches clients specific behaviors taht will enable them to fulfill their needs.
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personal distress of psychologist
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Guy, Poelstra, and Stark (1989) survey of 749 psychologists found that 74.3% of participants said that they had experienced personal distress in the last three years. 36.7% said it decreased quality of their work, 4.6% admitted resulted in inadequate treatment
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Other research on personal distress for therapists
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work related problems indicate that 1. suicidal statements are most stressful type of client behavior, 2. therapists consider lack of therapeutic success to the single most stressful aspect of their work and 3) issues related to confidentiality constitue the most frequently encountered ethical/legal dilema
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cultural encapsulation
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refers to the tendency of counselors to interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes.
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Milan systematic family therapy
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a form of family therapy that views maladaptive behavior as overly fixed or rigid patterns of actions and reaction. the process of therapy involves hypothesizing, circularity, and neutrality and includes the use of circular questions and paradoxical techniques that foster understanding
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Eysenck
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British psychologist known for his factor analysis of personaltiy traits, contribution to behavior therapy, and classic 1952 review of the therapy outcome studies in which he found that 72% of untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66& patients recieving eclectic psychotherapy and 44% of individiduals receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial decrease in symptoms. Based on these findings, eysenck concluded that any apparent benefit of therapy is actually due to spontaneous recovery.
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Freudian Psychoanalysis
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when the ego is unable to ward of danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic means, it may resort to one of its defense mechanisms. In psychoanalysis, the analysis of free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences consists of a combination of confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through
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Freud's defense mechanisms share two characteristics
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they operate on an ucs level, and they serve to deny or distort reality
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Cultural Paranoia
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term used to describe appropriate mistrust and suspiciousness of AfAm towards whites resulting from racism and oppression. In therapy, may be a cause of nondisclosure
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Mahler's Object Relations Theory
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Object Relations approaches emphasize teh impact of early relationship with other people on personality development; for object-relations theorists, maladaptive behavior is teh result of abnormalities in early object relations. Mahler's version of this approach stresses events that occur during the seperation-individuation process.
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solution-focused therapy
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solution-focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attributes of problem behavior is irrelevant and focus instead on solutions to problems, In therapy, the client is viewed as the "expert" while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist the client in recognizing and using his/her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals (e.g. the miracle question, exception questions, scaling questions)
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Prevention
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An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders associated with both community mental health and public health. Preventions are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary
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Primary preventions
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make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder
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Secondary preventions
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identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatments
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tertiary preventions
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are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occurred.
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Parallel process
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phenomenon in clinical supervision in which the therapist/supervisee behaves toward the supervision in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist
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Structural Family Therapy
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Family therapy approach that emphasizes altering the family's structure (rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. Involves joining the family system, evaluating the family structure, and then restructuring the family using techniques such as enactment and reframing. Focus is on behavior change rather than insight.
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Minuchin
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Extended Family Systems Therapy
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School of family therapy that extends general systems theory beyond the nuclear family. Emphasis is on intellectual and emotional differentiation of individual family members. Key terms: differention of self, undifferentiated family ego mass, emotional triangles, multigenerational transmission process. Therapy often begins with construction of a genogram; the therapist often sees two members of the family and forms a therapeutic triangle in which the therapist comes into emotional contact with family members but avoids becoming emotionally triangled.
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Bowen
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Howard and Colleagues
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found that the effects of psychotherapy seem to occur in stages and are related to number of sessions and their phase model distinguishes between the following stage: remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation. they also identified a dose dependent--75% of patients show measurable improvements at 26 sessions, at 52 sessions 85% show measurable improvement
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Feminist Therapy
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form of therapy with its origin in woman's movement and is based on premise that personal is political. Focuses on empowerment and social change; acknowledges and minimizes power differential inherent in client-therapist relationship. Feminist therapy must be distinguished from nonsexist therapy, which focuses more on personal causes off behavior and personal change.
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Feminist object relations theorists have focused on 2 contributors to gendered behavior
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1) sexual division of labor and the 2) mother child relationship. in terms of the latter, they extend traditional object relations theory by arguing that many gender differences can be traced to differences in the mother daughter and mother son relationship.
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suicide hotlines
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research is inconsistent, but there is some evidence that suicide hotlines can reduce suicide rates, especially for young white females, who are the most frequent callers
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General Systems Theory
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the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components; the theoretical framework underlying family therapy. Systems can be either 'open' or 'closed'.
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'open' v. 'closed' systems in general systems theory
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open systems receive input from and discharge output to the environment; closed systems have no exchange with the environment. families are primarily open systems.
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Positive and Negative feedback loops
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a key feature of cybernetics is its concept of the feedback loop through with a system recieves information. a negative feedback loop reduces deviation and help a system maintain its status quo, while a postive feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system.
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Multisystems approach
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AfAm families respond best to a multisystems approach that addresses multiple systems, intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers teh family by directly inoporating its strengths into the intervention. Systems that may be included in treatment include the extended family and nonblood kin, the church, and community resources
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Boyd-Franklin
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transtheoretical model
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model of behavior change that proposes tha thte change process involves five stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
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Prochaska and DiClemente
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Behavioral Family therapy
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the behavioral appraoch to family and marital therapy addresses 4 goals: 1) increasing couples' recognition and initiation of pleasureable interactions 2) decreasing couples aversive interactions 3) teaching the couple effective problem-solving skills 4) teachign teh couple to use a contingency contract to resolve persisting problems.
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Gestalt Therapy
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A humanistic technique based on concepts of Gestalt psychology: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt therapy adopts a here-and-now approach, views awareness as the primary goal of treatment, and defines neurosis as a growth disorder, reflecting certain boundary disturbances (e.g. introjection) and involving an abandonment of the self for the self image.
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Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
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focuses on the role of communication. Research on communication processes led to a link between double bind communication and schizophrenia. This approach distinguished between symmetrical and complementary communication
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double-bind communication
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as originally defined, involves conflicting negative injunctions: "do that and you'll be punished" and "don't do that and you'll be punished" with one injunction being expressed verbally and the other nonverbally. In addition, the recipient of the contradictory injunction is not allowed to comment on them or seek help from someone else.
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symmetrical communication
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occurs between equals but may escalate into a competitive one-upsmanship game
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complementary communication
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occurs between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences.
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Efficacy v. Effectiveness
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a recent debate in psychotherapy outcomes is over the best way to evaluate effects of psychotherapy. efficacy studies (clinical trials) v. effectiveness studies (correlational, quasi-experimental in nature)
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object-family therapy
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Application of object relations theory to family therapy; focuses on both intrapsychic and interpersonal causes of maladaptive behavior. therapy involves interpreting transferences, resistances, and other factors in order to foster insight.
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