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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Addiction
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Most expers define addiction as involving a combination of tolerance and withdrawl
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Bulimia Nervosa
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BN is an Eating Disorder involving (1) recurrent episodes of binge eating that are accompanied by a sense of lack of control; (2) inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative or diuretic use; (3) self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. Treatment usually includes nutritional counseling, cognitive-behavior therapy, family therapy, and in some cases, antidepressants.
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Dementia of the Alzeheimer's Type
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Alzheimer's Dementia is a form of Dementia involving a gradual onset of symptoms and a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning. Early symptoms include deficits in recent memory (anterograde amnesia) and a personality change or irritability. A definitive diagnosis requires a brain biopsy.
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Factitious Disorder
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Factitious Disorder is characterized by the presence of physical or psychological symptoms that ar intentionally produced or feigned apparently for the purpose of fulfilling an intrapsychic need to adopt the sick role.
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Male Erectile Disorder
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Male Erectile Disorder involves an inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection. Physical factors that have been linked to this disorder include diabetes mellitus, liver and kidney disease, multiple sclerosis, and antipsychotic, antidepressant, and hypertensive drugs.
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Parkinson's Disease
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Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder involving bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and resting tremor. About 20-60% patients eventually develop dementia.
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder is diagnosed in the presence of pervasive deficits in interpersonal relationships; acute discomfort with, and restricted capacity for, close relationships; and eccentricities in cognition, preception, and behavior.
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Transvestic Fetishim versus Transsexualism
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Transvestism is a paraphilia that involves cross-dressing for the purpose of sexual arousal. Transsexualism is a gender identity disorder that may involve cross-dressing and sexual reassignment surgery.
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Adjustment Disorder
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The Adjustment Disorders are characterized by a maladaptive reaction to one or more identifiable psychosocial stressors. Ordinarily, Adjustment Disorder is diagnosed only when symptoms remit within six months after termination of the stressor or its consequences, but the diagnoses can also be assigned when symptoms persist longer than six months when the stressor is chronic or has enduring consequences
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Catecholamine Hypothesis
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According to the catecholamine hypothesis, depression is due to low levels of norepinephrine
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Depressive Cognitive Triad (Beck)
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According to Beck, the cognitive profile for depression involves a cognitive triad-i.e., negative beliefs about oneself, the world (situation), and the future.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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GAD involves excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities for at least six months. The best treatment is a comprehensiver cognitive-behavioral intervention.
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Marlatt and Gordon (Relapse Prevention Program)
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Marlatt and Gordon view addiction as an "overlearned habit pattern" and focus on relapse prevention, which involves teaching strategies for dealing with high-risk situations (e.g., environmental cues that elicit strong negative emotions.)
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Pica
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Pica is an Eating Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood that involves persistent eating of nonnutritive substances
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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In the Northern Hemisphere, Major Depressive Disorder is linked to the winter months for some patients. This condition is referred to as SAD. Its symptoms typically include hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, and a craving for carbohydrates.
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Type I and Type II Schizophrenia
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As defined by Crow (1985), Type I Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms and is associated with relatively good premorbid functioning and a favorable response to traditional antipsychotic drugs. It is believed to be due to neurotransmitter abnormalities. Type II involves negative symptoms, is associated with relatively poor premorbid adjustment and a poor response to traditional antipsychotics, and is more likely the result of structural brain adnormalities.
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Asperger's Disorder
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Asperger's Disorder is a Pervasive Developmental Disorder involving severe impairment in social interactions and a restricted repertoire of behaviors with no substantial delays in cognitive, language, or self-help skills.
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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Cyclothymic Disorder is a Mood Disorder characterized by fluctuating hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms for at least two years in adults or one year in children or adolescents.
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DSM-IV-TR
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The DSM is a diagnostic system that (1) uses a categorical system involving polythetic criteria sets; (2) is predominantly atheoretical with regard to etiology; and (3) makes use of a multiaxial classification system.
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Korsakoff Syndrome
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Korsakoff Syndrome (Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder) is characterized by retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and confabulation (attempts to compensate for memory loss by fabricating memories) and is believed to be due to a thiamine deficiency resulting from chronic alcohol consumption.
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Nicotine Dependence
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Research on Nicotine Dependence has shown that attempts to quit smoking are made difficult by the fact that most smokers are addicted to nicotine, which means that they continue to smoke not only to attain its reinforcing effects but also to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Interventions for Nicotine Dependence are most effective when they include a combination of (1) nicotine replacement therapy; (2) multicomponent behavior therapy; and (3) support and assistance from a clinician.
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Reactive Attachment Disorder
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Reactive Attachment Disorder is an early childhood disorder involving developmentally inappropriate social relatedness caused by pathogenic care.
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Stuttering
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Stuttering is characterized by a disturbance in normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. A promising intervention for older children with Stuttering is regulated breathing, which involves reassuring the individual that he/she can speak without stuttering and incorporates breathing and vocalization exercises and graded speech assignment (Erickson, 1992). Regulated breathing is often combined with awareness training and social support and, in this format, is referred to as "habit reversal."
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Autistic Disorder
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Autistic Disorder is Pervasive Developmental Disorder characterized by (1) qualitative impairment in social interation, (2) qualitative impairment in communication, and (3) restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. About 4-5 times more common in males than females. Treatment involves the use of behavioral techniques (e.g., shaping and discrimination training for communication).
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Delirium
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Delirium is a disturbance in consciousness accompanied by either a change in cognition (e.g., loss of memory, disorientation) and/or perceptual abnormalities. It can be caused by a general medical condition or substance use. Symptoms usually develop rapidly and fluctuate over time. Treatments target underlying cause and reducing agitation and disorientation.
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Dysthymic Disorder
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Dysthymic Disorder is a Mood Disorder involving a chronically depressed mood that is present most of the time for a least two years in adults or one year in children or adolescents.
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Learned Helplessness
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Seligman's learned helplessness model proposed that depression is due to exposure to uncontrollable negative events and internal, stable, and global attributions for those events. A reformulation of the orginial theroy by Abranson, Metalsky, and Alloy emphasized the role of hopelessness.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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An Anxiety Disorder involving recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions. About equally common in males and females. OCD is commonly treated with in vivo exposure and the tricyclic clomipramine or an SSRI.
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Schizoid Personality Disorder involves a pervasive pattern of indifference to interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings.
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Substance Dependence
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Substance Dependence involves the continued use of a substance despite significant substance related problems as evidenced by the presence of at least three characteristic symptoms during a 12-month period. It may or may not involve tolerance and withdrawal (physiological dependence).
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ADHD
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ADHD is a Disruptive-Behavior-Disorder involving persistent, developmentally-inappropriate (1) inattention and/or (2) hyperactivity-impulsivity. In children, ADHD is 4-9 times more common in boys than girls. Treatment usually involves a CNS stimulant (e.g., methlphenidate), cognitive-behavioral techniques, and a family intervention.
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Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia
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Studies have found that the rates for Schizophrenia are higher among those with genetic similarity, and the greater the similarity, the higher the concordance rates: For example, for biological siblings, the rate is 10%; and for identical twins, the rate is 48%.
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Dissociative Amnesia
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Dissociative Amnesia is a Dissociative Disorder involving one or more episodes of an inability to recall important personal information that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness. The gaps in memory are often related to a traumatic event.
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GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) Scale
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The GAF scale is used to rank the individual's psychological, social and occupation functioning on a scale from 0 to 100 (with 100 representing superior functioning) on Axis V. Two factors are considered when assigning a GAF score - symptom severity and level of functioning.
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Mental Retardation
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Mental Retardation is a Developmental Disorder involving (1) significantly subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ-70 or below); (2) impairments in adaptive functioning; and (3) onset prior to age 18. Four subtypes: Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Profound. Down Syndrome is the cause of 10 to 30% of all cases of moderate to severe retardation and is associated with physical abnormalities including slanted, almond-shaped eyes, heart lesions, cataracts, and respiratory defects. PKU is due to a recessive gene and, without treatment, can cause Mental Retardation and other symptoms can be prevented by a diet low in phenylalanine.
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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PTSD is an Anxiety Disorder that involves the development of characteristic symptoms after exposure to a traumatic event that entails actual or threatedend death or serious injury to self or others. The immediate reaction to the event is characterized by intense fear, helplessness, or horror; followed by persistent reexperiencing of the trauma; persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma; and persistent symptoms of increased arousal
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
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Separation Anxiety Disorder is an anxiety disorder of childhood that involves developmentally inappropriate, excessive anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures. It is often manifested as school refusal.
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Types of Conduct Disorder (Moffitt)
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Moffitt (1993) distinguishes between two types of Conduct Disorder. The "life-course-persistent" type begins early and involves a pattern of increasingly serious transgressions that continues into adulthood. It is due to a combination of neurological impairments, a difficult temperment, and adverse environment circumstances. The "adolescence-limited" type is a temporary form of antisocial behavior that reflects a "maturity gap" between adolescent's biological maturation and lack of opportunities for adult privileges and rewards.
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Agoraphobia
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Agoraphobia is an Anxiety Disorder involving anxiety about being in situations or places from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing or in which help might not be available if a panic attack or other symptoms occur. It can occur with or without panic attacks. Treatment-of-choice is in vivo exposure with response prevention (flooding).
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Conversion Disorder
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Conversion Disorder is a Somatoform Disorder characterized by symptoms that suggest a serious neurological or other medical condition (e.g., paralysis, blindness, loss of pain sensation), but for which no medical explanation can be found. Traditionally, Conversion Disorder has been traced to two etiological mechanisms: primary gain (keeping an inner conflict out of consciousness) and secondary gain (avoiding an unpleasant activity or obtaining support). Symptoms are not voluntarily produced and are usually alleviated under hypnosis or in an amytal interview.
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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The dopamine hypothesis attributes Schizophrenia to elevated levels of dopamine or, alternatively, to excess or oversensitive dopamine receptors.
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Huntington's Disease
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Huntington's disease is an inherited disorder characterized by dementia, chorea (involuntary tremors, twitching), and athetosis (slow writhing movements).
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Narcolepsy
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Narcolepsy is a Sleep Disorder that involves irresistible attacks of restorative sleep accompanied by either cataplexy or an intrusion of REM sleep during the transition between sleep and wakefulness. REM sleep is manifested by sleep paralysis and/or by hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations, which are, respectively, vivid dreams during the transition from waking to sleep or from sleep to wakefulness.
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Premature Ejaculation
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Premature Ejaculation is diagnosed when orgasm and ejaculation occur with minimal sexual stimulation, before, or shortly after penetration and before the person desires it. This disorder has been linked to low serotonin levels and may be effectively treated with an SSRI
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Somatization Disorder
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Somatization Disorder involves recurrent multiple somatic complaints that begin prior to age 30 and persist for several years and for which medical attention has been sought but no physical explanation has been found. Complaints must include at least four pain symptoms, two gastrointestinal symptoms, one sexual symptom, and on pseudoneurological symptom (e.g., paralysis, double vision, or blindness, seizures).
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Vascular Dementia
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Vascular Dementia is a form of Dementia caused by arteriosclerosis or other cerebrovascular disease. The course is stepwise and fluctuating; and the pattern of symptoms is "patchy".
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Avoidant Personality Disorder is a Personality Disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
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Delusions
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Delusions are false beliefs that are firmly help despite evidence to the contrary and that are not generally accepted by members of the individual's culture/subculture
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Enuresis
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Enuresis is an Elimination Disorder characterized by repeated voiding of urine during the day or night into the bed or clothes that is usually involuntary and is not due to a general medical condition or substance use. The primary treatment is the bell-and-pad (night alarm).
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Learning Disorders
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The Learning Disorders are diagnosed when there is a substantial discrepancy between IQ and achievement test performance (usually two standard devi.ations or more) and the discrepancy cannot be fully explained by a sensory deficit. The most common co-diagnosis is ADHD
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder involves a persistent preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental interpersonal control, which have the effect of severely limiting flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia involves a disturbance of six months or more that includes at least one month or more of active-phase symptoms: (1) delusions (2) hallucinations (3) disorganized speech, (4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and (5) negative symptoms. Five subtypes are identified: Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual. Treatment ordinarily includes a neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drug, family therapy, and social-skills training. Possible causes include structural brain abnormalities (e.g., enlarged ventricles) and abnormalities in neurotransmitters (elevated dopamine, norepinephrine, and / or serotonin)
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Suicide (Risk Factors)
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High risk for suicide is associated with a warning, previous attempts, a plan (especially one involving a lethal weapon), male gender, older age, and feelings of hopelessness. While highest completed suicide rates are among individuals aged 55 and 64, highest rates of attempts are among people aged 24 to 44. Of the mental disorders, the highest risk is associated with Major Depression.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Borderline Personality Disorder is a Personality Disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and marked impulsivity. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) has been found useful for reducing premature termination from therapy and suicide attempts.
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Dementia
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Dementia is a disturbance involving some degree of memory impairment and at least one other cognitive impairment (aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, disturbance in executive functioning). It can be caused by a general medical condition or substance use. Onset is usually isidious and the course is progressive.
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Expressed Emotion and Schizophrenia
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Research has found that high levels of expressed emotions by family members (open criticism and hostility toward the patient or, alternatively, overprotective, symbiotic relationships) are associated with a high risk for relapse and rehospitalization for individuals with Schizophrenia.
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Major Depressive Disorder involves one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Hypomanic, or Mixed Episodes. A Major Depressive Episode requires the presence of characteristic symptoms (e.g., depressed mood and/or a loss of interest or enjoyment in customary activities) for at least two weeks. In adults, the disorder is about twice as common in females as males. Treatment most commonly involves the use of an antidepressant and/or cognitive therapy or interpersonal therapy.
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Panic Disorder
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Panic Disorder is an Anxiety Disorder involving two or more unexpected panic attacks (discrete periods of intense apprehension, fear, or terror that develop abruptly and usually peak within 10 minutes). Symptoms may mimic a heart attack or hyperthyroidism. Treatment usually includes in vivo exposure and, in some cases, a TCA or SSRI.
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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Schizophreniform Disorder is Psychotic Disorder involving active-phase psychotic symptoms and a duration of at least one month but less than six months.
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Tourette's Disorder
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Tourette's Disorder is a Tic Disorder characterized by at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics. It has been linked to abnormal levels of dopamine.
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