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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give the criteria for a diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder
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1: Person must have been exposed to actual or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation
2: Must have nine symptoms from any of five categories - intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal symptoms 3: Duration of 3 days to 1 months 4: Cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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Give the criteria for a diagnosis of Avoidant Personality Disorder |
1: Characterized by a pattern of pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation 2: Indicated by at least four characteristic symptoms - * avoids work activities involving interpersonal contact due to fear of criticism, rejection, disapproval * unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked * preoccupied with concerns about being criticized or rejected * views self as socially inept, inferior, unappealing others |
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Give the concordance rates for Schizophrenia |
For biological twins: 10% For identical (monozygotic) twins: 48%
Rates are higher among individuals with genetic similarity - the greater the genetic similarity, the higher the concordance rates |
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Describe Dialectical Behaviour Therapy |
Designed by Linehan (1987) as a treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder Use three strategies: 1 - Group skills training to help clients regulate their emotions, improve social and coping skills 2 - Individual outpatient therapy to strengthen clients motivations and newly acquired skills 3 - Telephone consultation to provide support and between-sessions coaching
DBT reduces premature termination from therapy, psychiatric hospitalizations, parasuicidal behaviour |
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Describe Factitious Disorder, imposed on self |
The individual will falsify physical or psychological symptoms that are associated with their deception, present themselves as being ill or impaired, engage in the deceptive behaviour even in the absence of an obvious reward
Symptoms can involve: feigning, exaggeration, simulation, induction |
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Describe Factitious Disorder, imposed on others |
The individual will falsify physical or psychological symptoms in another person, present that person to others as being ill or impaired, and engaged in the deceptive behaviour even in the absence of an external reward
Symptoms can involve: feigning, exaggeration, simulation, induction |
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Give the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder |
Requires the presence of at least five symptoms, nearly everyday for at least two weeks
Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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Give the possible symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder |
Depressed mood (for children, can be irritable) Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activities Significant weight loss when not dieting, or weight gain Decrease or increase in appetite Insomnia or hypersomnia Psychomotor agitation or retardation Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Diminished ability to think or concentrate Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation or attempts
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What is the usual treatment for Major Depressive Disorder? |
Cognitive behaviour therapy SSRI or other antidepressant |
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Give the criteria for Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease |
Must meet criteria for Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
Insidious onset
Meets criteria for probable or possible Alzheimer's Disease |
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Describe the stages of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's Disease |
Stage 1 (1-3 years): anterograde amnesia (especially for declarative memories), deficits in visuospatial skills (wandering), indiffernce, irritabiltiy, sadness, anomia
Stage 2 (2-10 years): Increasing reterograde amnesia, flat or labile mood, restlessness and agitation, delusions, fluent aphasia, acalculia, ideomotor apraxia (inability to translate idea into movement)
Stage 3 (8-12 years): Severely deteriorated intellectual functioning, apthay, limb rigidity, urinary and fecal icontinence |
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Give the criteria for a diagnosis of Paranoid Personality Disorder |
1: Characterized by a pattern of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness that entails interpreting the motives of others as malevolent 2: Indicated by at least four characteristic symptoms - * suspects others are exploiting, harming, deceiving him/her without sufficient basis for doing so * reads demeaning content into benign remarks/events * persistently bears grudges * persistently suspicious about the fidelity of spouse/partner without justification |
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Give the criteria for a diagnosis of Schizoid Personality Disorder |
1: Characterized by a pattern of pervasive detachment from interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings 2: Indicated by at least four characteristic symptoms - * doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships * almost always chooses solitary activities * has little interest in sexual relationships * lacks close friends or confidents other than first-degree relatives * seems indifferent to praise or criticism * exhibits emotional coldness or detachment |
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Give the Substance-Induced Disorders
Briefly describe the two more severe disorders |
Substance Intoxication Substance Withdrawal Substance/Medication-Induced Mental Disorders
The later are potentially severe, usually temporary, but sometimes persisting central nervous system syndromes that develop in the context of the effects of substance of abuse, medications, toxins |
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Give the criteria for Adjustment Disorder |
Involve the development of emotional or behavioural symptoms in response to one or more identifiable psychosocial stressor
Symptoms must be clinically significant as evidenced by the presence of marked distress that is not proportional to the severity of the stressor and/or significant impairment in functioning
Symptoms must remit within six months after termination of the stressor or its consequences |
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Give the criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder |
Involves intense fear or anxiety about one or more social situation in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others.
The individual: * fears he/she will exhibit anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated * avoids situations or endures them with intense fear/anxiety * fear or anxiety is not proportional to the threat posed by the situation
The fear, anxiety, avoidance are persistent and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning
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How is Social Anxiety Disorder treated? |
Exposure with response prevention
Benefits may be enhanced when combined with social skills training, cognitive restructuring, other cognitive techniques |
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For Uncomplicated Bereavement, give where it is found, describe it, and list symptoms. |
Found: Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Treatment
Description: normal reaction to the death of a loved one
Symptoms: includes those of a major depressive episode, but the individual experiences the symptoms as normal and may be seeking treatment for insomnia, anorexia, or other associated symptoms
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Give the five possible diagnostic situations that are included in Agoraphobia. How many must be present for a diagnosis to be made? |
1: using public transportation 2: bing in open spaces 3: being in enclosed spaces 4: standing in line or being part of a crowd 5: being outside the home alone
Two of the five situations must be present |
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What are the criteria for Agoraphobia? |
Presence of marked fear or anxiety about two (of five) specific situations
Individual fears or avoids these situation due to: * concern that escape might be difficult or help will be unavailable * in case he/she develops incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms
The situations nearly always provoke fear or anxiety and are actively avoided, require the presence of a companion or are endured with intense fear/anxiety/
The fear/anxiety is persistent, not proportional to the threat, and causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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Describe Lewinsohn's Behavioural Theory of Depression |
Lewinsohn attributes depression to a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement.
Response-contingent reinforcement is pleasure obtained through interaction with the environment that increases the likelihood of rewarding behaviour. If a stressor disrupts normal behaviour patterns, the person does not receive reinforcement to continue behaviour which brings them pleasure. |
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Give the symptoms of Conversion Disorder |
Disturbances in voluntary motor or sensory functioning
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What are the criteria for Dissociative Amnesia? |
Inability to recall important personal infomration
Cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness
Causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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Define the most common form of Amnesia |
Localized - inability to remember all events related to a circumscribed period of time
Selective - inability to remember some events related to a circumscribed period of time |
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What are the criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder? |
Excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events/activities
Relatively constant for six months
Person finds it difficult to control
Causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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Give the possible diagnostic symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. How many need to be present for a diagnosis to be made? |
1: Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge 2: Being easily fatigued 3: Difficulty concentrating 4: Irritability 5: Muscle tension 6: Sleep disturbance
GAD required three symptoms for adults, one symptom for children |
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When is the specified with Seasonal Pattern used?
Give it's other name and it's symptoms. |
It is applied to Major Depressive, Bipolar I and Bipolar II when there is a temporal relationship between the onset of a mood episode and a particular time of year.
Also called Seasonal Affective Disorder
Symptoms include: hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, craving for carbohydrates |
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What characterizes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? Define. |
Recurrent obsessions (persistent thoughts, impulses, images that the person experiences an intrusive or unwanted and tries to suppress) and compulsions (repetitious and deliberate behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or rigid rules |
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What is the treatment of choice for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? |
Exposure with response prevention combined with tricyclic clomipramine or an SSRI |
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What are the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder? |
A depressed mood (or irritable for children) on most days for at least two years (one year for children) as indicated by the presence of at least two characteristic symptoms.
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Give the possible diagnostic symptoms of Persistent Depressive Disorder. How many need to be present for a diagnosis to be made? |
1: Poor appetite or overeating 2: Insomnia or hypersomnia 3: Low energy or fatigue 4: Low self-esteem 5: Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions 6: feelings of hopelessness
Need two symptoms for a diagnosis |
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Which disorder has virtually the same diagnostic criteria as Schizophreniform Disorder? What are the two differences? |
Schizophrenia
Differences: 1: The disturbance is present for at least one month, but less than six in Schizophreniform 2: Impaired social or occupational functioning in not necessary in Schizophreniform |
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Give the three elements for smoking cessation (tobacco use disorder) interventions that are most likely to lead to long-term abstinence. |
1: Nicotine replacement therapy 2: Multicomponent behaviour therapy (skills training, relapse prevention, stimulus control, rapid smoking) 3: Assistance from a clinician |
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Give the diagnostic symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal.
How many symptoms are needed for a diagnosis and when do the symptoms need to be present? |
1: Autonomic hyperactivity 2: Hand tremor 3: Insomnia 4: Nausea or vomiting 5: Transient illusions or hallucinations 6: Anxiety 7: Psychomotor agitation 8: Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Must have two symptoms Must be present within several hours to a few days following cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption |
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Describe the two types of Alcohol-Induced Major Neurocognitive Disorder |
Non-amnestic-confabulatory type
Amnestic-Confabulatory Type (Korsakoff Syndrome) - characterized by anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation, linked to thiamine deficiency |
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What is the most common type of Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder?
What is it the result of? |
Usuaally of the insomnia type
Result of either Intoxication or Withdrawal |
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What are the criteria for Bipolar I Disorder? |
At least one manic episode that lasts for at least one week and is present most of the day, nearly everyday, and include three characteristic symptoms.
Symptoms must cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning, require hospitalization to avoid harm to self or others or include psychotic features.
It may include one or more episodes of hypomanic or major depression. |
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What are the diagnostic symptoms of Bipolar I? |
1: Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity 2: Decreased need for sleep 3: Flight of ideas
All three symptoms are needed for diagnosis |
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What are the possible treatments for Bipolar I Disorder? |
Lithium
Anti-seizure medication
Cognitive-behaviour therapy |
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What are the criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder? |
Involves fluctuating hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode
Symptoms last for at least two years (one year in children)
Symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in functioning |
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What is the Dopamine Hypothesis? |
It attributes Schizophrenia to elevated levels of or oversensitivity to dompamine |
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What are the diagnostic symptoms of Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder?
How many symptoms are needed for a diagnosis? |
Persistant difficulties involving: 1: Vaginal penetration during intercourse 2: Genito-pelvic pain during intercourse or penetration attempts 3: Anxiety about genito-pelvic pain beofre, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration 4: Tensing of pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal pentration
One symptoms is needed for diagnosis
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When is Major Neurocognitive Disorder diagnosed? |
* Evidence of significant decline from a previous level of functioning * In one or more cognitive domains * That interferes with the individuals independence in everyday activities and * Does not occur only in the context of Delirium |
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When is Minor Neurocognitive Disorder diagnosed? |
* Evidence of modest decline from a previous level of functioning * In one or more cognitive domains * That does not interfere with the individuals independence in everyday activities and * Does not occur only in the context of Delirium |
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What are the subtypes of Major and Minor Neurocognitive Disorder? |
due to Alzheimer's Disease due to Vascular Disease due to Traumatic Brain Injury due to HIV Infection due to Parkinson's Disease due to Huntington's Disease |
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Give the diagnostic symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.
How many are needed for a diagnosis? |
1: Exhibits perfectionism that interferes with task completion 2: Excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships 3: Reluctant to delegate work to others unless they are willing to do it his/her way 4: Adopts a miserly spending styles towards self or others
Need four characteristic symptoms |
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What characterizes Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder? |
A persistent preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control that severely limits the individuals flexibility, openness, and efficiency |
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What are the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? |
* Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence * Presence of at least one intrusive symptoms related to the event * Negative changes in cognition or mood associated with the event * Marked change in arousal and reactivity associated with the event
Symptoms must have a duration of more than one month and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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What is the treatment of choice for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? |
Comprehensive cognitive-behavioural interventions that incorporates exposure, cognitive restructuring, anxiety management, or similar |
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What are the "eccentricities" diagnostic symptoms for Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
How many "eccentricities" are required for a diagnosis? |
*Ideas of reference *Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influence behaviour *Bodily illusions and other unusual perceptions *Is suspicious or has paranoid ideation *Inappropriate or constricted affect *Lacks close friends or confidents (other than 1st degree relatives) *Excessive social anxiety
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder? |
1: Pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships
2: Eccentricities in cognition, perceptions, and behaviour |
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What are the characteristic symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal?
How many are required for diagnosis?
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* Irritability or anger * Anxiety * Impaired concentration * Increased appetite * Restlessness *Depressed mood * Insomnia
Need 4 symptoms for diagnosis |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD? |
*6 symptoms of inattention AND/OR 6 symptoms of hyperactivity *Onset prior to 12 years *Present in at least two settings *Interferes with social, academic, or occupational functioning |
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What percentage of children with ADHD continue to meet the full ADHD criteria as young adults?
What percentage meet the criteria for ADHD in partial remission? |
15% meet full criteria
60% meet partial remission criteria |
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What symptom predominates for adults with ADHD? |
Inattention |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Brief Psychotic Disorder? |
One or more of 4 characteristic symptoms
Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour
Symptoms are present for at least one day but less than one month with an eventual return to premorbid functioning |
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Give the diagnostic symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder? |
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to a submissive, clinging behaviour and a fear of separation
Need at least five symptoms |
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What are the diagnositic criteria for intellectual disability? |
1: deficits in intellectual functioning 2: deficits in adaptive functioning 3: onset during the developmental period |
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Give the four levels of severity for an Intellectual Disability diagnosis. |
Mild Moderate Severe Profound |
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What are the diagnositic symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder? |
1: pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy 2: indicated by at least 5 symptoms |
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Give the diagnostic symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. |
* grandiose sense of self-importance * preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, love * believes he/she is unique and can be only understood by other high-status people * requires excessive admiration * sense of entitlement * lacks empathy * envious of others or believes others a re envious of him/her
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What characterizes a diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder? |
Pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behaviour toward adult caregivers |
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What are the diagnositic criteria for Reactive Attachment Disorder? |
* lack of seeking or responding to comfort when distressed *persistent social and emotional disturbance * requires evidence of extreme insufficient care * symptoms appear before age 5 * child's developmental age greater than 9 months |
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Give the diagnostic criteria for Specific Learning Disorder. |
* difficulties related to academic skills * one characteristic symptom * persists for at least 6 months despite intervention * academic skills are substantially below what is expected for age * interfere with school, work, or activities of daily living * began during school years * not better accounted for by another condition or disorder |
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Give the diagnositic criteria for Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder. |
* must meet criteria for mild or major Neurocognitive disorder * clinical feature consistent with vascular etiology * evidence of cerebrovascular disease in individuals history, physical exam, or neuroimaging |
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Give the usual course for Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder |
Stepwise fluctuating course patchy pattern of symptoms determined by the location of brain damage |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder? |
1: Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts 2: Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, and activities 3: Presence of symptoms during early developmental period 4: Impaired functioning as a result of symptomsT |
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What are the social communication or interaction deficits that might be shown by someone meeting diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder? |
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity * Deficits in non-verbal communication * Deficits in the development, maintenance and understanding of reationships |
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Give the characteristic symptoms of restricted repetitive patterns of behaviour or interests that might be shown by someone meeting diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder? |
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech * Inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of behaviour |
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The best outcomes for Autism Spectrum Disorder as associated with... |
* Ability to communicate by age 5 or 6 * IQ over 70 * Later onset of symptoms |
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Give the three characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa. |
1: Recurrent episode of binge eating accompanied by sense of a lack of control 2: Inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain 3: Self evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight |
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According to Beck, the cognitive profile for depression involves what? |
A cognitive triad |
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What are the components of the depressive cognitive triad? |
Negative beliefs about oneself Negative beliefs about the world or situation Negative beliefs about the future |
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Give the characteristics of high expressed emotion. |
* Open criticism * Hostility towards the patient Alternatively: * Overprotectiveness * Emotional overinvolvement |
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For someone with Schizophrenia, what is associated with a high risk for relapse and rehospitalization? |
High levels of expressed emotion |
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With which disorder is the learned helplessness model associated? |
Depression |
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What is the proposition of the Learned Helplessness Model?
What does the reformulation by Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy emphasize? |
Proproses that depression is due to exposure to uncontrollable negative events AND internal, stable and global attributions for those events
The role of hopelessness is emphasized in the reformulation |
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Give the diagnostic criteria for Narcolepsy. |
1: attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep 2: Lapses into sleep or daytime naps 3: Occurs at least three times per week 4: Present for at least 3 months 5: Episodes of cataplexy, hyprocretin deficiency or rapid eye movement latency less than or equal to 15 minutes |
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Give the diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder |
1: Recurrent unexpected panic attacks 2: Followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having additional attacks or their consequences or involving significant maladaptive changes in behaviour related to the attack |
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What is the treatment of choice for Panic Disorder? |
Cognitive-behavioural interventions that incorporate exposure |
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Give the risk factors for suicide. |
* A warning * A previous attempt * A plan, especially one involving a lethal weapon * Male gender * Being divorced, seperated, widowed * Feelings of hopelessness
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What ethnicity and age group have the highest rates of suicide? |
For most age groups, whites have the highest rates For 15-34, America-Indian/Alaska Natives have rate 2.5 times higher than national average |
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What mental disorders have the highest association with suicide? |
Major Depression Bipolar Disorder |
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Which gender is most likely to be a suicide attempter (versus completer)? |
Females |
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Give the diagnostic criteria for Specific Phobia. |
1: Intense fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation 2: individual either avoids object / situation or endures it with marked distress 3: Fear or anxiety is not proportional to the danger posed 4: Persistent (at least 6 months) 5: Causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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What is the treatment of choice for Specific Phobia? |
Exposure with response prevention (especially in vivo exposure) |
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Hospitalized children are at risk for what?
What age group is at greatest risk? |
Emotional and behavioural problems
Ages 1 - 4 have the most negative reactions to hospitalization |
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For adolescents with medical issues what is a particular problem? |
Compliance with medical regimes |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder? |
1: Persistent pattern of behaviour that violates the rights of others and/or age-appropriate social-norms 2: Presence of at least three characteristic symptoms during the past 12 months with at least one symptom in the past 6 months 3: Symptoms must cause significant impairment 4: Cannot be assigned to those over age 18, who also meet criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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What are the four categories that the diagnostic symptoms of Conduct Disorder can be divided into? |
Aggression to people and animals Destruction of property Deceitfulness or theft Serious violation of rules |
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What codes can be used to indicated diagnostic uncertainty? |
Other specified disorder - indicates the reason why a client's diagnosis do not meet criteria for a specific diagnosis
Unspecified disorder - does not indicate reason why the client's symptoms do not meet criteria for a specific disorder |
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Give the diagnostic criteria for Gender Dysphoria. |
1: Marked incongruence between assigned gender and experienced or expressed gender 2: Evidenced by - strong desire to be the other gender and for the primary or secondary sex characteristics of other gender 3: Symptoms persist for at least 6 months 4: Causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
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What are the diagnostic symptoms of Gender Dysphoria Disorder for adolescents and adults? |
Strong conviction that one has the feelings and reactions characteristic of another gender |
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What are the diagnostic symptoms of Gender Dysphoria Disorder for children? |
* Strong preference for wearing clothes associated with other gender * Cross-gender role play * Playing with toys and doing activities associated with other gender * Strong preference for other gender playmates |
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When is the specifier "with peripartum onset" applied? |
Applied to Major Despressive Disorder, Bipolar I and Bipolar II when the onset of symptoms is during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum |
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What are the symptoms of Major Depressive Disrder with peripartum onset? |
* Anxiety * Preoccupation with infants well-being * Delusional thoughts about the infant |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder? |
1: Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening usually during first third of major sleep episode 2: Accompanied by sleepwalking and/or sleep terror 3: Individual has limited or no recall of an episode upon awakening 4: Disturbances causes significant distress or impaired functioning |
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Give the names of the Paraphillic Disorders |
Voyeuristic Exhibitionist Frotteuristic Sexual Masochism Sexual Sadism Pedophillic Fetishistic Transvestic |
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What characterizes the Paraphillic Disorders? |
Intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners
Currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or has entailed personal harm or risk of harm to others |
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Give the active phases symptoms of Schizophrenia |
Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized behaviour Negative symptoms |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia? |
1: At least 2 active phases symptoms (must include hallucination, delusion or disorganized speech) for at least one month 2: Continuous signs of the disorder for at least 6 months 3: Causes significant impairment in functioning |
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What are the usual treatments for Schizophrenia? |
Antipsychotic drugs Cognitive-behaviour therapy Psycho-education Social skills training Supported employment Psychosocial interventions with the family |
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Erectile Disorder requires one of which three symptoms on all or most occasions of sexual activity? |
Marked difficulty obtaining an erection during sexual activity Marked difficulty maintaining an erection until completion of sexual activity Marked decrease in erectile rigidity |
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Give the diagnostic symptoms for Substance Use Disorders |
*Substance used in larger amounts or for a longer period than intended * Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control the use * Craving for the substance * Recurrent substance use despite persistent social problems caused or worsened by substance use * Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically dangerous to do so * Tolerance * Withdrawal |
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Give the diagnostic criteria for a Substance Use Disorder? |
Two symptoms present during a 12 month period |
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What are the requirements for a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder? |
At least one hypomanic episode (lasting at least 4 days, including at least 3 symptoms, not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning or hospitalization)
At least one depressive episode (lasting at least 2 weeks, involving at least 5 characteristic symptoms - one of which must be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure) |
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What are the essential features of Anorexia Nervosa? |
1: Restriction of energy intake that leads to significantly low body weight 2: Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or behaviour that interferes with weight gain 3: Disturbance in the way the person experiences their body weight or shape or a persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of their low body weight |
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What are the requirements for a diagnosis of Delirium? |
1: disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time, represents a change from baseline, and tends to fluctuate in severity over the course of the day 2: an additional disturbance in cognition 3: Must not be due to another Neurocognitive Disorder and must not occur during a severely reduced level of arousal 4: Must be the direct consequence of medical condition, substance intoxication/ withdrawal or exposure to toxin |
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What approach is used by the DSM 5? |
Categorical - divides mental disorders into types that are defined by a set of criteria
Clinician must decide if client meets minimum criteria for a given diagnosis
It is also a nonaxial system - primary diagnosis is listed first |
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How does the DSM 5 allow for individual differences? |
Includes polythetic criteria for most disrders - client must only present with a subset of characteristics |
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What characterizes Histrionic Personality Disorder? |
A pervasive pattern of emotionality and attention-seeking manifested by at least 5 characteristic symptoms |
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What are the characteristic symptoms of Histrionic Personality Disorder? |
* Discomfort when not the centre of attention * Inappropriately sexually seductive or provocative * Rapidly shifting and shallow emotions * Consistent use of physical appearance to gain attention * Considers relationships to be more intimate than they are
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What is malingering? Is it a disorder in the DSM 5? |
Involves the intentional production, faking, or gross exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms to obtain an external reward
It is NOT a DSM 5 diagnosis, it is an Other Condition that May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention |
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What are the diagnostic characteristics of Opioid Withdrawal? |
* Dysphoric mood * Nausea or vomiting * Muscle aches * Lacrimation or rhinorrhea * Pupillary dilation, piloerection, or sweating * Diarrhea * Yawning * Fever * Insomnia |
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When is Premature Ejaculation Diagnosed? |
In the presence of a persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation during partnered sexual activity within about one minute of vaginal penetration or before the person desires it
Present for at least 6 months
Experienced in all or most occasions of sexual activity
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What are the most common treatments for Premature Ejaculation? |
Start-stop or Squeeze techniques |
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What is Separation Anxiety Disorder? |
Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related o separation from home or attachment figures |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder? |
At least three symptoms * Recurrent distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or major attachment figures * Persistent excessive fear of being alone * Repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated
Disturbance lasting at least 4 weeks in children, 6 months in adults
Causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning
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Give the characteristics of Tourette's Disorder |
Presence of at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may appear simultaneously or at different times May wax and wane in frequency Have persisted for more than one year Began prior to age 18 |
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What characterizes Antisocial Personality Disorder? |
Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of other that has occurred since age 15
Involves three characteristic symptoms
Person must be at least 18 and have a history of conduct disorder |
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What are the diagnostic symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder? |
* Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviour * Deceitfulness * Impulsivity * Reckless disregard for the safety of self and others * Lack of remorse |
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What is the essential feature of Borderline Personality Disorder? |
Pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect. and marked impulsivity |
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What five characteristic symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder? |
* Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment * Pattern of unstable, intense interpersonal relationships that are marked by fluctuations between idealization and devaluation * Identity disturbance involving persistent instability in self-image or sense of self * Recurrent suicide threats or gestures * Transient stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms |
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Give the diagnostic criteria for Delusional Disorder? |
One or more delusions, lasting at least one month Functioning is not markedly impaired, any impairment is directly related to the delusion |
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What are the seven sub-types of Delusional Disorder? |
1 Erotomanic 2 Grandiose 3 Jealous 4 Persecutory 5 Somatic 6 Mixed 7 Unspecified |
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What are the diagnostic criteria for Enuresis? |
* Repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes at least twice a week for three or more consecutive months * Usually involuntary, but can be voluntary * Not due to a substance or medical condition * Individual is at least 5 (or developmental 5) |
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What is the most common treatment for Enuresis? |
Bell-and-pad (urine alarm) |
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What characterizes Insomnia? |
Dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity associated with at least one characteristic symptom
It occurs at least three nights a week, for at least three months, despite sufficient opportunities for sleep
Causes significant distress or impaired functioning |
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What are the diagnostic symptoms of Insomnia? |
Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep |
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How do Marlatt and Gordo view addiction? |
As an overlearned maladaptive habit pattern |
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What is Marlatt and Gordon's Relapse Prevention Therapy? |
Focuses on identifying circumstances that increase the risk for relapse and implementing cognitive and behavioural strategies that help the client prevent and cope effectively with lapses. |
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What characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder? |
Recurrent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour or vindictiveness
Evidenced by at least four characteristics shown during interactions with at least one person who is not a sibling |
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What are the diagnostic characteristics of Oppositional Defiant Disorder? |
* Often loses temper * Often argues with authority figures * Often actively refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules * Often blames others for his/ her mistakes |
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What is associated with a better prognosis following a diagnosis of Schizophrenia? |
* Good premorbid adjustment * Acute and last onset * Female gender * Presence of a precipitating event * Brief duration of active-phases symptoms * Insight into the illness * Family history of mood disorder * No family history of Schizophrenia |
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The DSM 5's Outline for Cultural Formulation provides guidelines for assessing what four factors? |
1: Client's cultural identity 2: Client's cultural conceptualization of distress 3: Psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact the client's vulnerability and resilience 4: Cultural factors relevant to the relationship between client and therapist |
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What are the diagnostic symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder? |
* Difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance from others * Fears disagreeing with others because it might lead to a loss of support * Has difficulty initiating project on own * Goes to great lengths to gain nurturance and support from others * Unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to care for self |
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What are the characteristics of Acute Stress Disorder? |
1: Person must have been exposed to actual or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation 2: Must have nine symptoms from any of five categories - intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal symptoms 3: Duration of 3 days to 1 months 4: Cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning |
