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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Criteria for autism
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6 symptoms:
2+ in Category 1 = soc interaction 1+ in Category 2 = communication 1+ in Category 3 = stereotyped behaviour PRIOR to 3 yrs - abnormal soc interaction, soc language or imaginative play |
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Phenlketonuria (PKU)
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rare recessive gene syndrome
unable to metabolise amino acide phenylalanine in high-protein foods produces mental retardation, impaired motor & language dev & erratic behaviours |
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Down Syndrome
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"trisomy 21"
due to extra chromosome cause of 10-30% of all cases of mod to severe retardation |
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Differential for mental retardation
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borderline intellectual functioning
IQ = 71-84 BUT could be retardation if IQ < 75 PLUS deficits in adaptive functioning |
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Types of learning disorders (3)
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Reading
Mathematics Disorder Written Expression |
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Types of communication disorders (4)
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Expressive Language Disorder
Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder Phonological Disorder Stuttering |
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Types of pervasive developmental disorders (4)
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Autistic Disorder
Rett's Disorder Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Asperger's Disorder |
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Gender differences in rates of autism
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4 - 5 times more common in males
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treatment for autism
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shaping & discrimination training (Lovaas, 1960s)
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Rett's Disorder
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characteristic pattern of symptoms FOLLOWING 5+ MONTHS OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT for 5 months +
head growth decelaration loss of purposeful hadn skills stereotypical hand movements impairments in gaid loss of interest in social environment impaired language development psychomotor retardation |
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
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developmental regression in 2 areas of development FOLLOWING 2+ YEARS OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT
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Asperger's Disorder
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severed impairment in social interactions
restricted behaviours / interestes normal interlligence good verbal skills NO DELAYS IN LANGUAGE, COGNITIVE SKILLS etc. |
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Indicator for favorable prognosis in Autism
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verbal communication by age 5 or 6
Qu = 70+ later onset symptoms |
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ADHD very common with comorbid ___________
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conduct disorder
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Gender ratio with ADHD
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2 - 9 times more common in boys
more equal gender ratio with Inattentive Type more equal gener ratio in adults |
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distinguishing characteristic of ADHD
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fluctuation of symptoms in different settings
sx more likely in situations that are: familiar highly repetitive highly structured no regular feedback |
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behavioral disinhibition hypothesis of ADHD
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inability to regulate behaviour to fit situational demands
hypothesis supported by flucuation of sx in diff settings |
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Ritalin
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CNS stimulant
methylphenidate |
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Attention-Deficity and Disruptive Behavior Disorders (3)
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ADHD
Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
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Conduct Disorder
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pattern of behaviours that violate rights of others and/or age-appropriate social rules
childhood-onset type (<10 yrs) vs. adolescent-onset type (>10 yrs) life-course persistent type vs. adolescence-limited type |
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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pattern of negativistic, defiant, and hostile behaviours toward authority figures
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Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
Selective Mutism Reactive Attachment Disordxer Stereotypic Movement Disorder |
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
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< 18 yrs
4+ weeks 3 characteristic behaviours DIFF - school refusal (can be a sign of depresssion during adolescence) |
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Reactive Attachment Disorder
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developmentally inappropriate social relatedness
<5 yrs must be evidence of pathogenic care |
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diagnosis: Delirium
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1. distubance in consciousness
2. change in cogntition and/or perceptual abnormalities |
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high risk groups for Delirium (5)
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elderly
people with decreased cerebral reserve due to dementia, stroke, HIV postcardiotomy patients burn patients people with drug dependence experiencing withdrawal |
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diagnosis: Dementia
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multiple cognitive deficits that include:
1. some memory impairment 2. aphaisa, apreaxia, agnosis, and/or impaired executive functioning |
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aphasia
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deterioration in language functioning
difficulty naming people and objects and understanding writen and spoken language |
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apraxia
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difficulty executing motor actions
e.g. unable to dress |
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agnosia
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inability to recognize and identify familiar objects and people
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executive functioning
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abstract thinking, trouble shoting, initiating, monitoring, stopping complex behaviours
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Dementia differentials
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age-related cognitive declines
mental retardation (< 18 yrs) major depressive disorder |
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stages of Alzheimer's
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Stage 1 (1-3 yrs)
anterograde amnesia, wandering, irritability, sadness Stage 2 (2-10 yrs) retrograde amnesia, flat mood, agitation, delusions Stage 3 (8-12 yrs) severely deteriorated interllectual functioning, limb rigidity, incontinence |
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types of Dementia
e.g. Dementia Due to... |
Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type
Vascular Dementia Demential Due to HIV Disease Demential Due to Parkinson's Disease Demential Due to Huntingdon's Disease |
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rate of dementia caused by Alzheimer's Type
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65%
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possible causes of Alzheimer's Type
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genetics (chromosome 21)
aluminum deposits in brain tissues malfunctioning immune system low level ACh |
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risk factors fo Vascular Dementia
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hypertension
diabetes cigarette smoking atrial fibrillation |
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Vascular Dementia
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caused by arteriosclerosis or other cerebrovascular disease
course is stepwise & fluctuating |
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Dementia Due to Parkinson's Disease
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bradykinesia
rigidity resting tremor masklike expression loss of coordination |
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bradykinesia
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slowness of movement
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akathesis
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inability to sit still
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Dementia Due to Huntingdon's Disease
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30 - 40 yrs
sx fall into 3 categories: affective cognitive motor often starts with depression, irritability, apathy |
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apathy
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absence of feeling or enthusiasm
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Marlatt & Gordon
re: Substance Dependence |
relapse prevention program
dealing with high risk situations |
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Substance Dependence
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3 symptoms in 12 months
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Substance Abuse
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1 symptom in 12 months
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Substance-Induced Disorders (5)
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Alcohol Intoxication
Alcohol Withdrawal Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium Alcohol-Induced Dementia Alcohol-Induced Persistic Amnestic Disorder (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
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Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder
retrograde & anterograde amnesia confabulation abnormal eye movements Due to thiamine deficiency |
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Schizophrenia
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disturbance for 6+ months
1+ month of >2 active-phase symptoms |
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active phase symptoms of Schizophrenia
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delusions
hallucinations disorganized speech grossly disorganized behaviour negative symptoms |
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age of onset for Schizophrenia
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18 - 25 yrs for men
25 - 35 yrs for women |
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concordance rate of Schizophrenic person to biological sibling
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10%
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biological theories of schizophrenia
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enlarged ventricles
dopamine hypothesis (elevated) elevated norepinephrine & serotonin |
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treatment for schizophrenia
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antipsychotics
side effect = tardive dyskinesia atypical antipsychotics e.g. clozapine dec chances of tard. dys. & reduces -ve symptoms |
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Delusional Disorder
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1+ month of 1+ nonbizarre delusion
psychosocial functioning not markedly impaired |
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Delusional Disorder subtypes (7)
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erotomanic
grandiose jealous persecutory somatic mixed unspecified |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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same active symptoms of schizophrenia BUT for 1-30 days
often follows overwhelming stressor |
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Manic Episode
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1+ week
elevated mood + 3 symptoms marked impairment and/or hospitalization |
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Hypomanic Episode
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4+ days
elevated mood + 3 symptoms NO marked impairment or hospitalization |
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biological theories of depression (4)
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1. catecholamine hypothesis
deficiency in norepinephrine 2. indolamine hypothesis deficiency in serotonin 3. permissive theory serotonin interacts with other neurotransmitters to produce depression 4. elevated levels of cortisol (stress hormone) |
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pharmacological treatment for depression
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TCAs
for classic depression with vegetative symptoms, acute onset & short duration of sx SSRIs melancholic depression fewer side effects than TCAs MAOIs if TCAs & SSRIs don't work atypical depressions |
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Dysthymic Disorder
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2+ yrs depressed mood (adults)
1+ yr depressed mood (children) <2 months symptom-free no depression episode in first 2 yrs of disturbance |
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Bipolar I Disorder
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1+ manic or mixed episodes without hx major dep episode
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Bipolar II Disorder
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1+ major dep episode
AND 1+ hypomanic episode NEVER had manic or mixed episode |
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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2+ years fluctuating hypomanic sx and depressive sx
note: 1 yr for kids |
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pharmacotherapy for Panic Disorder
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imiprapmine (TCA)
SSRIs |
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characteristic symptoms of PTSD
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reexperiencing of trauma
avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma symptoms of increased arousal |
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delayed onset PTSD
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if onset of sx after 3 months
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Actue Stress Disorder
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PTSD sx
BUT 2 days to 4 weeks |
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main characteristic of Somatoform Disorders
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physical symptoms suggesting a medical disorder
NOT intentionally produced |
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types of Somatoform Disorder (6)
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somatization disorder
conversion disorder pain disorder hypochondriasis BDD unfifferentiated somatoform disorder |
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Somatization Disorder
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recurrent multiple somatic complaints for several yrs
4 pain sx 2 gastrointestinal sx 1 sexual sx 1 pseudoneurological sx onset <30 yrs age |
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Conversion Disorder
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sx that suggest a serious neurological or medical condition
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2 etiological mechanisms of Conversion Disorder
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primary gain
keeping inner conflict out of consciousness secondary gain avoiding unpleasant activity or obtaining support |
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differential diagnosis for Conversion Disorder
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Factitious Disorder
Malingering |
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Factitious Disorder
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intentional sx to fulfull a need for a sick role
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Malilngering
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intentional sx to obtain external reward
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Munchausen's Syndrom by Proxy
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a factitious disorder
intentional sx in child by his parent sx absent in parent's absence |
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types of Dissociative Disorder (4)
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dissociative amnesia
dissociateive fugue dissociative identity disorder depersonalization disorder |
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Dyspareunia
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genital pain associated with sexual intercourse
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Vaginismus
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involuntary spasms of vaginal muscle, interferring with intercourse
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Paraphilia
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intense recurrent sexual urges, fantasies or behaviours involving nonhuman objects, suffering, children or other nonconsenting partners
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Dyssomnias vs. Parasomnias
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Dys - disturbances in sleep amount, quality or timing
Paras - behavioural or physiological abnormalities, where focus is event, not sleep quality |
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subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa (2)
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restricting type
binge-eating/purging type |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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compensatory behaviour twice a week for 3 months
NORMAL weight range |
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Cluster A Personality Disorders
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Paranoid
Schizoid Schizotypal |
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Cluster B Personality Disorders
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Antisocial
Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic |
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Cluster C Personality Disorders
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Avoidant
Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive |
