Epithelium And Connective Tissue

Front 1

what are tissues

Back 1

groups of similar cells that carry out a common function

Front 2

Tissues have to minimally communicate wuth each other but when they do what are they connected with?

Back 2

cell junctions

Front 3

what are the different cell junctions

Back 3

adherens
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap
tight

Front 4

what are adheren cell junctions

Back 4

network of supportive microfilaments that wrap around cell like a belt

Front 5

what are desmosomes cell junctions

Back 5

link adjacent cells at potential stress points like the velcro attached to adheren belts

Front 6

what are hemidesmosomes cell junctions

Back 6

anchor cells to basement membrane

Front 7

what is a tight junction

Back 7

partial fusion of adjacent membranes that creates a water tight seal

Front 8

what is a gap junction

Back 8

adjacent cells linked vis channel set in their membranes which allows for communication between cells

Front 9

epithelial tissue is a ____

Back 9

class

Front 10

what is epithelial tissue composed of

Back 10

one or more layers of closely packed cells

Front 11

what are the 3 functions of epithelial tissue

Back 11

protection
secretion
absorption

Front 12

how does epithelial function as protection

Back 12

lines every body surface, all body cavituies, the external and internal lining of many organs

Front 13

how does epithelial function as secretion

Back 13

constitutes the majority of exocrine and endocrine glands

Front 14

how does epithelial function as absorption

Back 14

composed of cells that can absorb nutrient molecules

Front 15

what are some general characteristics of epithelium

Back 15

totally cellular
avascular
richly innervated to detect changes in CT
high regenerative capacity through base
attached to underlying CT via a basement membrane
polarized

Front 16

what are the 3 general sides of epithelial

Back 16

apical surface- top surface
intercellular junctions
basal surface- bottoms surface

Front 17

what are microvilli
what are their characteristics

Back 17

extenstions of membrane that aid absorption
non-motile
aopear finger like

Front 18

what are cilia and their characteristics

Back 18

help push along substances along the cell
motile
appear hair-like
fine filaments

Front 19

how are types of epithelial classified?

Back 19

cell shape and arrangement

Front 20

what are the different classifications for cell shape

Back 20

squamous
cubodial
columnar

Front 21

what are the different classifications for cell arrangement

Back 21

simple
stratified

Front 22

what are the 2 special types of epithlium

Back 22

transitional
pseudostratified

Front 23

what type of epithelium is capable of producing and secreting a specific substance

Back 23

glandular epithelium

Front 24

what are the two major tupes of glandular epithelium

Back 24

exocrine and endocrine

Front 25

what is the major difference between exocrine and endocrine

Back 25

exocrine secretes their productus through a duct
endocrine secretes their products without a duct

Front 26

what is a characteristic of glandular epithelium

Back 26

they can be unicellular or multicellular

Front 27

how are exocrine glands developed

Back 27

as an invagination from and epithelial surface

Front 28

how is and exocrine gland connected to an epithelial surface

Back 28

by a duct

Front 29

what two regions does a multicellular exocrine gland have

Back 29

secretory portion
duct portion

Front 30

what are the different types of simple glands (exocrine)

Back 30

simple tubular
simple coiled tubular
simple branched tubular
simple alveolar
simple branched aveolar

Front 31

what are the two different wats to classify glands

Back 31

secretion and
secretion method

Front 32

what are the three different secretion types? what does each one secrete?

Back 32

serous gland- sweat, milk, tear, digestive juices
mucous glands- mucin which forms mucus with water
mixed glands- secrete a mix of the typ previous types

Front 33

what is an example of a mixed gland?

Back 33

salivary gland

Front 34

what are the three secretion methods

Back 34

merocrine
holocrine
apocrine

Front 35

Which secretion method packages their secretions in secretory vesicles while keeping their glandular cells intact and undamaged?

Back 35

merocrine

Front 36

Which secretion method has their secretion produced through the destruction of the secretory cell? the lost cells are replaced through division at the gland base.

Back 36

holocrine

Front 37

Which execretion method has theur apical region packed with secretory vesicles which then pinch off while the remaining stump regenerates?

Back 37

apocrine

Front 38

which secretion method is a combination of merocrine and holocrine?

Back 38

apocrine

Front 39

give an example of a merocrine gland

Back 39

salivary gland

Front 40

give an example of a holocrine gland

Back 40

sebaceous gland

Front 41

give an example of an apocrine gland

Back 41

mammary gland

Front 42

Do endocrine glands have a connection to an epithelial surface?

Back 42

no because they dont have ducts

Front 43

how Re cellular products of endocrine glands secreted?

Back 43

directly into the bloodstream

Front 44

what do endocrine glands use as chemical messangers to influence cell activities elsewhere in the body?

Back 44

hormones

Front 45

what organs are both exocrime and endocrine?

Back 45

pancreas
ovaries
testis

Front 46

all connective tissue is derived from what primary germ layer

Back 46

mesoderm

Front 47

Which CLASS of tissue is most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable?

Back 47

connective tissue (CT)

Front 48

What are the functions of CT.

Back 48

support
protection
bind organs/body structures together

Front 49

what three basic components do all CT share?

Back 49

protein fibers
cells
ground substance

Front 50

Most all CT is highly vascular and supplied with many nerves. What are the two exceptions?

Back 50

cartilage and tendons

Front 51

_______ epithelium = most effective diffusion

Back 51

thinnest

Front 52

what are the different CT Fibers

Back 52

collagen
elastic
reticular

Front 53

what are the 4 types of collagen fibers

Back 53

type 1- bone
type 11- cartilage
type 111- stroma of organs
type 1V- basement membrane

Front 54

what is the stroma of organs?

Back 54

connective framework

Front 55

which fiber is the most common

Back 55

collagen

Front 56

what are the properties of collagen fibers

Back 56

flexible but not stretchy
tensile strength

Front 57

what are the propeties of elastic fibers

Back 57

thin
rubber-like flexible protein

Front 58

what is marfan's syndrome

Back 58

Abnormal development of elastic fibers which cause weakened and malformed in structures of the body. People with this disease tend to be tall with disproportional arms, legs, fingers, and toes. the most life threatening complication is weakening of the aorta.

Front 59

what are fibroblasts

Back 59

cells that make collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

Front 60

what are macrophages

Back 60

immune cells

Front 61

what are mast cells

Back 61

cells that contain histamine/stimulate inflammation

Front 62

what are adipocytes

Back 62

fat cells

Front 63

what are WBC

Back 63

cells that help control immune response

Front 64

what are mesenchyme cells

Back 64

adult stem cells

Front 65

what are melanocytes

Back 65

pigment cells

Front 66

what are chondrocytes

Back 66

cells that produce cartilage

Front 67

what are osteocytes

Back 67

cells that produce bone mineral

Front 68

is ground substance living or non living

Back 68

non living

Front 69

what is ground substance comprised of?

Back 69

tissue fluid
proteins
polysaccharides excreted by CT cells

Front 70

what determines the consistency of the ground substance

Back 70

fluid content

Front 71

give an example of
viscious
semisolid and solid consistency of ground substance

Back 71

v- blood
ss- cartilage
s- bone

Front 72

where is loose areolar CT found?
what does it fiber arrangement allow?

Back 72

spaces between organs and under skin
distortion w/o damage

Front 73

what type of cells are found in adipose CT?
what do these cells provide?

Back 73

adipocytes
protection, nutrient storage, thermoregulation

Front 74

what is the difference between white and brown adipose CT

Back 74

white is pale yellow and less vascularized
brown is highly vascularized for heat stimlution and is found mainly in babies

Front 75

what does brown adipose CT use to release heat for thermogenesis

Back 75

mitochondria

Front 76

reticular CT contains what type of fibers and cells?
what does the Reticular CT form?

Back 76

thin reticular fibers and parenchymal cells
forms stroma for organs

Front 77

Dense regular CT forms parallel bundles of collagen fibers which provide _____ strength.

Back 77

unidirectional

Front 78

where is dense regular CT found

Back 78

tendons, ligament
s

Front 79

Dense irregular CT is randomly oriented collagen fibers which provide ________ strength

Back 79

multidirectional

Front 80

where is dense irregular CT found

Back 80

dermis

Front 81

Elastic CT contains more elastin than collagen and is densely packed with parallel bundles of elastin which allow for what?

Back 81

stretch and recoil

Front 82

where is elastic CT found

Back 82

large arteries

Front 83

cartilage and bone form a strong durable framework that protects and supports what?

Back 83

softer body tissues

Front 84

extracellular matrix (ECM) contains collagen fibers and ground substance that ranges from ______ (cartilage) to ______ (bone)

Back 84

semisolid
solid

Front 85

what is the function of cartilage

Back 85

supports soft tissue and provides a gliding surface at articulations and is a model for bone formation

Front 86

which type of cartilage has densely packed collagen fibers which provides a rigid and slightly flexible structure?

Back 86

hyaline cartilage

Front 87

which type of cartilage is has thick and wavy bundles of collagen fibers which allows for compression

Back 87

fibrocartilage

Front 88

which type of cartilage has less collagen and more elastic fibers which allows for flexibility?

Back 88

elastic cartilage

Front 89

where is hyaline cartilage found

Back 89

embryonic skeleton

Front 90

where is fibrocartilage found

Back 90

intervertebral discs

Front 91

where is elastic cartilage found

Back 91

external ear

Front 92

what cells are found within bone

Back 92

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

Front 93

bone is a matrix that has solidified due to what

Back 93

calcification

Front 94

what are functions of bone CT

Back 94

structural support
protects delicate tissues and organs
aids in movement
hematopoiesis
mineral reservoir

Front 95

what are membranes

Back 95

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line parts of the body

Front 96

what are the two classifications of membranes

Back 96

epithelial amd synovial

Front 97

what is the epithelial membrane composed of

Back 97

epithelium and CT

Front 98

what are the 3 subcategories of epithelial membranes? what does each line?

Back 98

mucous- lines open body cavities
serous - lines inner bidy cavities
cutaneuos- skin

Front 99

what is synovial membrane composed of

Back 99

synoviocytes and CT

Front 100

where are synovial membranes mainly found

Back 100

synovial joints

Front 101

what is lymph

Back 101

fluid type of CT that is drained interstitial fluid

Front 102

what is blood

Back 102

fluid CT with formed elements

Front 103

what are the formed elements of blood

Back 103

leukocytes (WBC) for immune response
platelets for blood clotting
erythrocytes (RBC)