Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Endocrine System |
Glands located through the body that are responsible for producing and secreting a wide range of hormones and chemical transmitters. Hormones aid in 1) growth and development 2) metabolism 3) sexual function 4) reproduction 5) mood stability |
|
|
Pituitary Gland |
AKA Master gland Located at base of brain. Can be divided into two parts. Anterior and posterior pituitary glands |
|
|
Hypothalamus |
Basal (bottom) portion of diencephalon, regulates pituitary gland. Connects nervous and endocrine system. Regulates hormones produced by the ANTERIOR pituitary gland |
|
|
Pancreas |
Organ with exocrine digestive and endocrine functions. -located under the liver and between kidneys in retro peritoneum -endocrine functions carried out by islets of langerhans |
|
|
Islets of Langerhans |
- pancreas contains about 1 million -contains five types of cells --1) Alpha cells secrete glucagon -- 2) beta cells secrete insulin -- 3) delta cells secrete somatostatin -- 4) PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide -- 5) epsilon cells that secrete gherlin |
|
|
Anterior pituitary hormones |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex, especially glucocorticoids Prolactin (PRL) milk production by the breast Growth hormone (GH) cell growth and fat breakdown. Targets muscles and bone, amino acids uptake and protein synthesis Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) stimulate gamete production and hormone production production in the gonads Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) function in humans is unknown |
|
|
Somatostatin |
Secreted by delta cells. Regulates insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Posterior pituitary hormones |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water re absorption by nephrons of the kidneys Oxytocin stimulates breast milk and uterine contractions during birth |
|
|
Glucagon |
Released when serum glucose levels fall. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, which raises serum glucose levels. |
|
|
Insulin |
Released when serum glucose levels increase. Insulin stimulates cellular uptake of glucose which in turn decreases serum glucose levels |
|
|
Amylin |
Released from beta cells along with insulin Synergistic relationship with insulin |
|
|
Pancreatic polypeptide |
Thought to regulate some of the other pancreatic activities |
|
|
Ghrelin |
Hunger |
|
|
Thyroid gland |
Location. Base of neck below larynx - consist of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea connected by a thin band tissue that extends across anterior aspect of trachea - vascular gland contains FOLLICLES |
|
|
Thyroid follicles |
Produce three hormones 1) thyroxine T4 2) triiodothyronine T3 3) thryocalcitonin T3 and T 4 (95%) regulate cellular metabolism as well as growth and development |
|
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH |
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete TSH Negative feedback system Calcitonin regulates calcium levels Ca levels are high |
|
|
Parathyroid gland |
4 located on the posterior surface of thyroid -secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) -PTH works opposite to calcitonin (ca levels low) |
|
|
Adrenal glands |
Located on each kidney -inner portion MEDULLA -outer portion CORTEX |
|
|
Adrenal cortex |
Regulated by negative feedback 3 separate regions -- mineralocorticoids are secreted by the outermost region of the adrenal cortex. Principal mineralocorticoids is aldosterone -- glucocorticoids are secreted by the middle region of the adrenal cortex. Principal glucocorticoid is cortisol which increases glucose levels -- gonadocorticoids sex hormones are secreted by the innermost region of the cortex. Masked by hormones from testes and ovaries |
|
|
Adrenal medulla |
The medulla is regulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus -produces epinephrine and norepinephrine during times of stress. Mediate the flight or fight response of the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
|
hypopituitarism |
Rare, complex complex condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce sufficient amounts of some or all of its hormones. Causes- congenital defects, cerebral or pituitary trauma, Autoimmune conditions, infections of the brain and tissues that support the brain, tuberculosis, pituitary tumors, hemochromatosis (excessive iron), histiocytosis X, sarcoidosis, and hypothalamic dysfunction. Results in Dwarfism, and Diabetes insipidus Clinical Manifestation- fatigue, headache, cessation of menstruation, infertility, decreased libido, low stress tolerance, hypotension, muscle weakness, nausea, constipation, weight loss or gain, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, cold sensitivity, visual disturbances, loss of body or facial hair, joint stiffness, hoarseness, facial edema, thirst, excessive urination, short stature, and delayed growth hormone. Dx - often delayed because of its variable presentation. health history, physical, serum hormone levels, brain CT, pituitary MRI, vision testing, and xrays. |
|
|
hyperpituitarism |
excessive amount of one or all pituitary hormones Causes - tumors that secrete hormones or homone like substances Result in- giantism; Acromegaly; syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH); hyperprolactinemia; cushings syndrome; hyperthyroidism CM - headache; loss or double vision; excessive sweating; hoarseness; galactorrhea; sleep apnea; carpel tunnel syndrome; joint pain or stiffness; muscle weakness; paresthesia Dx - often delayed due to varying presentation. health history, physical exam, serum horomone levels, brain CT, pituitary MRI, vision testing and xrays |
|
|
Diabetes Mellitus |
hyperglycemia -- most common in adults over 65 --Native American, African American, and hispanics and those in the SE region --results from defects in insulin production Dx - history, physical examination, urinalysis, fasting blood glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, random blood glucose test, hemoglobin A, blood pressure measurement, and cholesterol panel |
|
|
DM Acute complications |
hyperglycemia -result of excessive dietary carbohydrate intake as well as insufficient or inappropriate diabetic pharmacologic therapy Diabetic Ketoacidosis - PH imbalance characterized by increased ketones in the urine caused by insufficient insulin hypoglycemia - may result from insufficient dietary intake, increased physical activity, and excessive diabetic pharmacologic |
|
|
DM Chronic Complications |
retinopathy- blindness neuropathy - pain and numbness in hands and feet cardiopathy - heart disease nephropathy- kidney disease |
|
|
DM clinical manifestations |
Polyuria; polydipsia; polyphagia
|
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes |
insulin dependent / juvenile onset (5-10%) --bodys immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells. --must have insulin delivered through pump or injection --usually in children or young adults, cannot be prevented |
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes |
non-insulin dependent / adult-onset (90-95%) --insulin resistance -- associated with advanced aging, obesity, family history, gestational history, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity -- AA, Hispanics, NA, Asians, Native Hawaiian, and pacific islander -- managed with oral anti-diabetic medications that increase insulin production and action |
|
|
Gestational Diabetes |
Form of glucose intolerance diagnosed during pregnancy -- AA, H, NA -- risk factors include obesity and a family history |
|
|
Goiter |
visible enlargement of the thyroid gland. -- most common cause is iodine deficiency -- decrease T3 and T4 production; increase TSH production |
|
|
hypothyroidism |
Condition in which the thyroid does not produce sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. Risk increases with age. -- most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis) and Iatrogenic. Myxedema (advanced hypothyroidism) -- CM- fatigue; sluggishness; sesitivity to cold; constipation; dry skin; edema; hoarseness; hypercholesteremia; weight gain; myalgia; muscle weakness; infertility; bradycardia; goiter; hypotension; depression Dx - history, physical, serum thyroid hormone levels, serum TSH, liver function, CBC, cholesterol panel, EKG. |
|
|
hyperthyroidism |
excess levels of thyroid hormones results in hypermetabolic state Causes- Excess iodine; Graves disease; nonmalignant thyroid tumors; thyroid inflammation; large amounts of thyroid replacement CM- Exophthalmos ( protruding eyes); goiter; weightloss; tachycardia; dysrhymias; hypertension; increased appetite; nervousness and anxiety; difficulty concentrating; tremor; diaphoresis; goiter; difficulty sleeping Dx - history, physical, serum thyroid hormone levels, serum TSH, liver function, radioactive iodine uptake test, thyroid scan, and EKG. |
|
|
Graves disease |
autoimmune condition that stimulates thyroid hormone production |
|
|
hypoparathyroidism |
parathyroid does not produce sufficient amounts of PTH Causes- cogenital defects as well as by damage following surgery, radiation, autoimmune conditions, hypomagnesemia, or metabolic alkalalosis. Results in hypocalcemia and increased phosphorus levels. CM- paresthesias, tetany, seizures, fatigue, dysrhythmias, hypotension, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, painful menstruation, patchyhair loss, dry skin, brittle nail, Anxiety, depression, memory loss Dx - history, physical exam, serum PTH check, blood chemistry, EKG, x-rays, and bone density studies |
|
|
hyperparathyroidism |
excessive PTH production by the parathyroid gland Causes- tumors, hyperplasia, or chronic hypocalcemia. Results in hypercalcemia CM- osteoporosis, renal calculi, polyuria, abdominal pain, constipation, weakness, nausea, vomiting, anorexia Dx - history, physical exam, serum PTH check, blood chemistry, EKG, x-rays, and bone density studies |
|
|
Pheochromocytoma |
Rare adrenal medulla tumor that makes epinephrine and norepinephrine; can lead to issues like hypertension CM- (reflect fight or flight response) spikes in BP, tachycardia, disorientation, chest pain, headaches, pallor Dx - history, physical, serum catecholamines and metanephrines, serum glucose, urine catecholamines and metanephrines, EKG, abdominal CT, abdominal MRI, m-iodobenzylguanidine, scintiscan, and biopsy. |
|
|
Cushing's Syndrome |
Excess glucocorticoids; caused by adrenal tumors that make glucocorticoids, pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH and cortisol, and paraneoplastic syndrome. CM - obesity, decreased libido, thin skin DX - history, physical, serum hormone levels, blood chemistry, adrenal and pituitary CT and MRI, biopsy, urine cortisol, CBC, and bone density studies |
|
|
Addison's disease |
Deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens); Caused by autoimmune conditions, infections, hemorrhage, tumors, pituitary dysfunction resulting in low ACTH levels. CM: bronze skin, sparse body hair, GI issues, fatigue/lethargy, easily dehydrated, weight loss, hypoglycemia, postural hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia. Dx - history, physical, serum hormone levels, blood chemistry, adrenal and pituitary CT and MRI, biopsy, urine cortisol, CBC, and bone density studies |
