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369 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormones does the pancreas excrete? |
Glucagon Insulin |
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What cells produce glucagon? |
Alpha cells in the pancreas |
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What cells secrete insulin? |
Beta cells in the pancreas |
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What does glucagon do? |
Increases blood sugar |
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What does insulin do? |
Lowers blood sugar |
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What does the pancreas control? |
Glucose |
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What is the Adrenal medulla responsible for? |
Fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system |
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What is the adrenal cortex responsible for? |
Sugar: cortisol Salt: aldosterone Sex: androgens |
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What does the Adrenal medulla release? |
Epinephrine |
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What is the parathyroid responsible for? |
Blood calcium levels |
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What is the thyroid responsible for? |
Metabolism which includes temperature and menstruation |
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What hormone is secreted from the parathyroid? |
PTH |
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What hormones are secreted from the thyroid? |
T3 T4 |
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What hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland? |
1. ADH 2. ACTH 3. TSH |
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What is the function of ADH? |
Water balance |
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What is the function of ACTH? |
Stimulate the adrenal gland |
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What is the function of TSH? |
Stimulate thyroid |
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What hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus? |
Releasing and inhibiting hormones |
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What is the function of hypothalamus? |
Stimulates the pituitary gland |
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How many people have metabolic syndrome? |
1 out of three adults and one out of every six people |
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Is metabolic syndrome genetic? |
Yes |
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What races are more prone to metabolic syndrome? |
African-American Hispanics Asians Native Americans |
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What is metabolic syndrome also known as? |
Syndrome X and insulin resistance syndrome |
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True or false, the risk of developing metabolic syndrome increase with age? |
True |
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What is metabolic syndrome? |
It is not a disease in itself. Instead it's a group of risk factors |
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How many risk factors must be diagnosed to have metabolic syndrome? |
Three of the five |
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What are the five risk factors of metabolic syndrome? |
Large waist size (abdominal fat deposits) Cholesterol Cholesterol low "good" cholesterol (HDL) High blood pressure Blood sugar |
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What size of waist do men and women have to have to be considered a large waist risk factor for metabolic syndrome? |
Men 40 inch or larger Women 35 inch or larger |
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What does cholesterol have to be to be considered a risk factor for metabolic syndrome? |
High triglycerides: 150 mg/DL or higher |
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If HDL is too low it is considered a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, how low does it have to be for men and women to be considered a risk factor? |
Men less than 40 mg/dL Women less than 50 mg/dL |
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When is high blood pressure considered a risk factor for metabolic syndrome? |
Either having a blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg or greater, or using a high blood pressure medicine |
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What does blood sugar have to be for it to be considered a metabolic syndrome risk factor? |
High fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or higher |
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What do the risk factors for metabolic syndrome increase the risk for? |
They double the risk of blood vessel and heart disease They increase the risk of Diabetes by 5 times |
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How can metabolic syndrome be controlled? |
Losing weight Exercising Improving diet choices |
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What is considered another endocrine gland because it secretes estrogen? |
Abdominal adipose tissue |
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Why are menopausal women who store fat in the abdomen at higher risk for breast cancer? |
Because breast cancer is often estrogen-driven which is released by fat cells in the abdomen |
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What is the similarities of DKA and HHS? |
Both have high blood sugar Both cause dehydration, polyuria, and decrease the electrolytes Both cause altered mental state |
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What can be a warning system for people to develop diabetes, heart attack and strokes? |
Metabolic syndrome |
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What are some signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome? |
Visceral obesity High triglycerides Hypertension Low HDL cholesterol Insulin resistance |
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What are the two types of morning hyperglycemia? |
Somogyi phenomenon Dawn phenomenon |
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What is hyperglycemia in the morning caused by? |
Cortisol excretion during the night both somogyi and Dawn phenomenon have normal blood sugar levels at night and high blood sugar in the morning. |
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Is there a hypoglycemic episode in dawn phenomenon? |
No |
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Is there a hypoglycemic episode and somogyi phenomenon? |
Yes |
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What type of hyperglycemia does glucose rise steadily throughout the night? |
Dawn phenomenon |
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What type of hyperglycemia in the morning has a rebound hyperglycemia in the morning hours? |
Somogyi phenomenon |
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What happens in somogyi phenomenon? |
Blood sugar drops during the night which triggers a stress response releasing epinephrine and cortisol from the adrenal glands. Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis to bring the blood sugar back up to normal. However it results in rebound hyperglycemia causing elevated glucose in the morning. |
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What is HHS? |
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state |
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What is DKA? |
Diabetic ketoacidosis |
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What are the two most serious acute complications of diabetes? |
DKA HHS |
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What is DKA characterized by? |
Ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia |
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What is HHS characterized by? |
More severe hyperglycemia than dka but no ketoacidosis. |
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What does DKA and HHS both present with? |
High blood sugar |
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What is the treatment for hypoglycemia? |
IV glucose of D50 |
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What is the treatment for DKA? |
1. Rehydration with IV fluids (isotonic and hypotonic fluids) 2. IV insulin 3. Replace electrolytes as needed |
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What is the treatment for HHS? |
1. Rehydration with IV fluids 2. IV insulin 3. Replace electrolytes as needed |
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What are the laboratory findings of hypoglycemia? |
Glucose <70 mg/dL |
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What are the laboratory findings of DKA? |
Extreme hyperglycemia Ketones in the blood, urine and breath |
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What are laboratory findings of HHS? |
Extreme hyperglycemia No ketones |
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What are the presenting symptoms of hypoglycemia? |
Pale, sweating, tachycardia, hunger, anxiety, restlessness, Tremors Seizure/coma |
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What are the predisposing factors of hypoglycemia? |
Medication Decreased food intake Increased exercise |
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What makes you a high risk for hypoglycemia? |
Taking insulin oral anti-diabetic meds Brittle diabetic |
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What are the presenting symptoms of DKA? |
Polyuria, polydipsia, tissue dehydration, nausea vomiting, seizures, coma, Acidosis: Kussmaul breathing, fruity acetone breath |
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What are the presenting symptoms of HHS? |
Polyuria, polydipsia, tissue dehydration, nausea vomiting, seizures, coma No acidosis |
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What are the predisposing factors of HHS? |
Sepsis Thick blood |
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What are the predisposing factors for DKA? |
Illness, sepsis, stress, trauma, medications |
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What makes a person high risk for HHS? |
Having type 2 diabetes Very older very young Renal compromise |
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What makes a person high risk for DKA? |
Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes Undiagnosed DM |
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What is the most common cause of blindness? |
Diabetic retinopathy |
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What are the types of diabetes? |
Type 1 and type 2 |
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What is another name for type 1 diabetes? |
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
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When does the onset occur in type 1 diabetes? |
Childhood or teenagers |
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What type of Diabetes requires lifelong insulin injections? |
Type 1 diabetes |
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True or false type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune problem? |
True |
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Why is type 1 diabetes considered a autoimmune disorder? |
Because there is destruction of beta cells causing insulin dependance |
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What happens when there is no insulin? |
Cells don't absorb glucose |
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What are the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes? |
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia Weight loss Frequent infections, wounds slow to heal |
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What is polydipsia? |
Increased thirst |
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What is polyphagia? |
Increased hunger |
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What are the 3 P's associated with diabetes? |
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia |
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What are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes? |
Weight gain 3 Ps Frequent infections, wounds slow to heal |
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What type of diabetes is associated with metabolic syndrome? |
Type 2 diabetes |
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What type of diabetes is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus? |
Type 2 diabetes |
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What type of Diabetes occurs when not producing enough insulin or receptors have decreased sensitivity? |
Type 2 diabetes |
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What type of diabetes can be corrected with Lifestyle Changes? |
Type 2 diabetes |
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How do we treat type 2 diabetes? |
Diet (controlling glucose amount and timing) and exercise (weight loss decreases amount of receptor sites needed to be stimulated as well as decreasing intra-abdominal fat which block adiponectin release causing decreasing sensitivity.) |
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What does FBS stand for? |
Fasting blood sugar level |
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What are the cause of type 1 diabetes? |
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas |
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What is the incidence of type 1 diabetes? |
10% of total DM usually before 18 years |
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What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes? |
Diet, exercise, must have insulin |
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What are the lab values of type 1 diabetes? |
FBS>126 mg/dL random glucose>200 3 Ps |
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What are the lab values of type 2 diabetes? |
FBS>126 mg/dL random glucose>200 3 Ps |
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What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes? |
Diet, exercise, oral medication |
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What is the cause of type 2 diabetes? |
Genetic predisposition triggered by environment. |
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What is the incidence of type 2 diabetes? |
80% and 90% of total DM Usually after 40 years old Obesity increases risk |
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What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes? |
No islet cells--> no insulin--> hyperglycemia |
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What is the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes? |
Damaged islet cells--> decreased or dysfunctional insulin secretion--> hyperglycemia |
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What are The Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus? |
Microvascular changes Macrovascular changes |
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What are the microvascular changes of diabetes mellitus? |
Changes in smaller blood vessels |
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What is the macrovascular changes of diabetes mellitus? |
Changes in larger blood vessels |
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What type of diabetes is microvascular changes common? |
Type 1 diabetes |
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What type of diabetes is macrovascular changes common? |
Type 2 diabetes |
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What vessels are most commonly involved in microvascular changes? |
Retinal Renal Peripheral |
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What vessels are most commonly involved in macrovascular changes? |
Coronary Cerebral |
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What is common to both of microvascular and macrovascular changes? |
Peripheral neuropathy |
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What are the signs and symptoms of peripheral neurological involvement? |
Decreased sensation, impaired sensation (numbness, tingling, intense pain), impaired GI motility, bladder dysfunction, impotence in males. |
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What's most dangerous, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? |
Hypoglycemia |
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If a person has a blood sugar of 130 before a meal they have what? |
Hyperglycemia |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia? |
Central nervous system change due to brain using glucose as its only source of energy. |
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When do signs and symptoms usually manifest in hypoglycemia? |
When blood sugar level is at or below 70 |
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When can a diabetic coma happen? |
When blood sugar reaches 40 to 50 |
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What are the signs of impending danger of hyperglycemia? |
Fruity breath Dehydration Kussmaul respirations |
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What is fruity breath caused by? |
Increased ketones in the blood |
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What is the normal blood sugar range? |
70 to 130 mg/dL |
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What is diabetes mellitus? |
Disorder of the pancreas the Alters the metabolism of glucose, fats, and proteins. |
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What is the most common clinical sign of diabetes? |
Hyperglycemia |
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What is another name for HbA1C test? |
A1c |
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What does an A1C do? |
1. Provides a 3 month average glucose level |
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True or false, A1C test require fasting or oral intake of glucose? |
False they do not require fasting or oral glucose |
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What is the goal of therapy for a diabetic patient? |
Be below 7% |
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What are the symptoms of diabetes? |
Always tired Frequent urination Sudden Weight loss Wounds that won't heal Always hungry Sexual problems Blurry vision Vaginal infections Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet Always thirsty |
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What is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland? |
The pancreas |
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Why is the pancreas an exocrine gland? |
Releases digestive enzymes via ducts |
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Why is the pancreas an endocrine gland? |
Secretes hormones |
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What does loss of blood glucose control result from? |
Insufficient amount of insulin released Decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors |
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What does the pancreas release in stressful situations? |
Epinephrine and corticosteroids |
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What hormones does the pancreas release? |
Glucagon Insulin |
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When is glucagon released from the pancreas? |
Via the alpha cells in response to low blood glucose |
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When is insulin released from the pancreas? |
Via the beta cells in response to high blood glucose levels |
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What does the endocrine system use to control flow of information between different tissues and organs of the body? |
Chemical Messengers (hormones) |
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What do hormones in the endocrine system do? |
Control flow of information between different tissues and organs of the body |
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True or false, the endocrine system works alone? |
False it interact with the nervous system |
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What does the nervous system do when interacts with the endocrine system? |
Coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells |
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What system has a fast response but is short-acting? |
Nervous system |
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What system has a slow response but is long acting? |
The endocrine system |
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How does the nervous system function? |
Functions by means of neurotransmitter molecules transported by neurons over a short distance to muscles and glands that respond within milliseconds but response is short-lived. |
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What system functions by means of neurotransmitter molecules transported by neurons over a short distance to muscles and glands that respond within milliseconds? |
Nervous system |
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What system functions by means of hormones released from glands directly into the bloodstream and transported throughout the body to influence the activity of body tissues? |
Endocrine system |
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How does the endocrine system function? |
By means of hormones released from glands directly into the bloodstream and transported throughout the body to influence the activity of body tissues. |
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What synthesizes and releases hormones act as chemical mediators? |
Endocrine glands |
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What does the "Tropic" or "trophic" suffix indicate? |
Stimulates another gland |
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What are Tropic hormones? |
Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. |
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What does the hypothalamus Secrete to Target the anterior pituitary? |
Tropic hormones |
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Where are most Tropic hormones produced and secreted? |
Anterior pituitary |
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What do non Tropic hormones do? |
Directly stimulates target cells |
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How are hormones transported? |
Hormones are transported in circulation either bound to protein or Unbound |
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What are the types of regulation of the endocrine system? |
Negative feedback Positive feedback |
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What is negative feedback? |
Deficiency of factor stimulates release of hormones to increase Factor until it is within normal range then stimulus is eliminated and hormone release stops |
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What is positive feedback in the endocrine system? |
Hormone secretion stimulates additional hormone secretion. Seen as "feedback loops" in the endocrine system. |
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What type of Regulation is most common in the endocrine system? |
Negative feedback |
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What are the 2 types of hormones? |
Water soluble hormones Lipid soluble hormones |
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What types of hormones are not bound to a protein? |
Water soluble hormones |
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What type of hormones decompose quickly and require frequent or continuous synthesis? |
Water soluble hormones |
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What are some examples of water soluble hormones? |
Insulin Pituitary hormones Parathyroid hormones |
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What type of hormones are bound to a protein molecule for transportation? |
Lipid soluble hormones |
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What type of hormones have a longer Half-Life and are produced in a more cyclic pattern? |
Lipid soluble hormones |
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What type of hormones are dependent on having enough protein to bind with the target tissues? |
Lipid soluble hormones |
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What are some examples of lipid soluble hormones? |
Steroid Thyroid |
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What type of hormones take longer to take effect in the body but also last a lot longer? |
Lipid soluble hormones |
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What are the two types of glands? |
Endocrine Exocrine |
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What type of glands use ducts? |
Exocrine glands |
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What type of glands are ductless? |
Endocrine glands |
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What do exocrine glands do? |
Use ducts to transport hormones/enzymes |
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What do endocrine glands do? |
Excrete their hormones into surrounding tissue or through the bloodstream. |
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What do the exocrine glands include? |
Salivary glands Sweat glands Glands within the gastrointestinal tract |
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What do the endocrine glands include? |
Thyroid Pituitary Adrenal |
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Why is the endocrine response slower than the nervous system response? |
Because hormones travel through the blood but effects last longer in the body than effects generated by the nervous system |
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Why is the duration in endocrine transmission prolonged? |
Because kidneys have to filter the blood |
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What are the diagnostic methods? |
Direct testing Indirect testing Provocative testing |
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What is an example of provocative testing? |
Glucose tolerance test |
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What's the purpose of direct testing? |
Measure the level of specific hormone in the blood serum |
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What is the purpose of indirect testing? |
Measure the substance regulated by the hormone |
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What is the purpose of provocative testing? |
The attempt to stimulate or suppress hormone synthesis. The test is intended to provoke a certain response from a gland |
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What is an example of direct testing? |
Insulin levels can be measured to monitor pancreatic endocrine function. |
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What is an example of indirect testing? |
Blood glucose levels can be checked as an indirect measurement of whether insulin is working or not. |
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What glands are in the brain? |
Hypothalamus and pituitary glands |
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What glands are in the throat? |
Thyroid and parathyroid glands |
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What glands are in the abdomen? |
Pancreas and adrenal glands |
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What are the effects of aging on hormones? |
1. Decreased hormone secretion 2. Decreased clearance of hormones 3. Decreased receptor binding |
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What does decreased hormone secretion do? |
Increases the risk for hormone deficiencies |
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What does decreased clearance of hormones do? |
As renal function declines with aging some hormone levels can increase because they are not eliminated from the body in the urine or in the bile as they should be. |
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What does decreased receptor binding do? |
The ability of receptors to bind hormones decreases with aging which can create erratic hormone levels resulting in signs and symptoms such as "hot flashes" during menopause. |
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What does the state of the body and maintains homeostasis? |
Hypothalamus |
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What does the hypothalamus produce, and what do they do? |
Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body. |
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What receives information from nearly all parts of the nervous system and is part of the autonomic nervous system? |
Hypothalamus |
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What does the hypothalamus regulate and indirectly control? |
Body temperature Blood osmolality Blood nutrients Blood hormone levels Inflammatory mediators Emotions Pain Sleep cycles |
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What is the hypothalamic pituitary axis also known as? |
Hypophysis |
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What is the hypothalamic pituitary axis? |
Endocrine systems link to the nervous system |
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What does the hypothalamic pituitary axis do? |
System connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus and allows the hormones required for a "fight or flight" response to be released without having to go through the general circulation. |
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What happens after hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary what to release into the blood? |
"Trophic" hormones are then released from the pituitary to tell specific peripheral glands to grow and produce their hormones. |
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What is the master gland? |
Pituitary gland |
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What hormones does the pituitary gland release? |
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) GH (growth hormones) Reproductive hormones |
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What are the reproductive hormones released by the pituitary gland? |
Oxytocin Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin |
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What stimulates uterine contractions in women? |
Oxytocin |
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What stimulates ovulation in women and the production of sperm in men? |
Follicle-stimulating hormone |
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What stimulates ovulation in women and testosterone production in men? |
Luteinizing hormone |
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What is responsible for breast milk production in females? |
Prolactin |
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What is the main hormone for General body growth? |
Growth hormones |
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What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone do? |
Causes adrenal glands to release several hormones. The major one is cortisol. |
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True or false, deficiency of adrenocorticotropic hormone is life-threatening? |
True |
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What is the major hormone released by the adrenal gland? |
Cortisol |
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What triggers the thyroid gland to grow gnarly steroid hormones T4 and T3? |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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What is TSH? |
Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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What happens when there's too much ADH? |
Fluid retention |
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What happens when there is two little ADH? |
Profuse urine |
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What controls thirst in the amount of urine produced by the kidneys? |
ADH |
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What are the ADH Imbalances? |
SAIDH D.I. |
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What is SAIDH? |
Too much ADH |
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What is D.I.? |
Too little ADH |
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What does D.I. stand for? |
Diabetes insipidus |
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What does SAIDH stand for? |
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
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What is the treatment for SAIDH? |
Possibly use hypertonic solution to pull fluid out of the brain and correct hyponatremia |
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What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus? |
Medication and isotonic fluid replacement to reverse dehydration |
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What are the signs and symptoms of SAIDH? |
Concentrated urine Hyponatremia (<135) Cerebral edema |
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What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus? |
Dilute urine (specific gravity <1.005) Polyuria (>200 ml/hr) Hypernatremia Excessive thirst |
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What is the pathophysiology of SAIDH? |
Increased ADH--> water retention--> fluid overload and dilutional hyponatremia |
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What is the pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus? |
Increased volumes of dilute urine--> increase serum osmolarity-- dehydration |
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What is the cause of SAIDH? |
Brain problem: injury/stroke/cancer. Metastasized lung cancer, drugs, or unknown |
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What is the cause of diabetes insipidus? |
Inflammatory, autoimmune, or vascular diseases; head injury/brain injury |
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What is hyponatremia? |
Results of an excess of water rather than a deficiency of sodium |
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What is dilutional hyponatremia? |
Deficiency of sodium rather than an excess of water |
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What does diabetes mean? |
Polyuria |
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True or false, diabetes insipidus is related to diabetes mellitus? |
False |
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What does osmolarity mean? |
Concentration |
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What disease has the signs and symptoms of tachycardia, bounding pulse, hypertension, decreased hemoglobin, decreased urine output, weight gain, decreased hematocrit, decreased sodium. |
SAIDH |
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What disease has the signs and symptoms of a weak pulse, hypotension, increased sodium, dry mucous membranes, increase hemoglobin, dry skin, increased hematocrit, irritability? |
Diabetes insipidus |
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What gland secretes T3, T4 and calcitonin? |
Thyroid gland |
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What is the major glucocorticoid? |
Cortisol |
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What is the main mineralocorticoid? |
Aldosterone |
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What are the main sex hormones? |
Androgens |
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What are the steps after stress hits the body? |
Stress-->hypothalamus--> anterior pituitary--> ACTH--> adrenal cortex--> cortisol release |
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Where is cortisol released from? |
Adrenal cortex |
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What is the stress hormone? |
Cortisol |
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What does Cortisol do? |
1. Helps regulate the stress response 2. Diverts Metabolism from building tissue to supplying energy for dealing with the stress 3. Cause of signs and symptoms of chronic stress |
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What do chronic levels of cortisol affect? |
Reproduction Fat distribution Macrophage functioning of the immune system |
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What is the end result of chronic stress? |
Infertility Midsection obesity Fecreased immune functioning |
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What happens after cortisol release? |
Increased blood glucose, increased heart rate, and decrease in nonessential energy using activities |
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What are the adrenal gland disorders? |
Addison's and Cushing's disease |
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What are the non-essential energy using activities? |
Hormone production Bone formation Gastric motility Red and white blood cell production Immune system |
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What does decreased gastric motility cause? |
Ulcers and constipation |
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What does Addison's and Cushing's disease affect? |
The cortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, androgens) |
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What is Addison's disease? |
Adrenal cortical hypo secretion Need to add hormone |
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What is Cushing's disease? |
Adrenal cortical hyper secretion Have extra hormones |
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Cushing disease has the same signs and symptoms as what? |
Side effects of prednisone |
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What are the risk factors for Cushing's disease? |
Hyperplasia of adrenal gland |
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What are the risk factors for Addison's disease? |
Atrophy of adrenal glands Fungal infections |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Addison's disease? |
Hypoglycemia Decreased tolerance to stress Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Decreased libido Loss of pubic and axillary hair Bronze like skin pigmentation |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing's disease? |
Increase susceptibility to infection Hypernatremia Moon face appearance and buffalo hump Hypokalemia Acne Easy bruising Increase masculinity among females |
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What are the diagnostic procedures for Addison's disease? |
1. FBS is decreased plasma 2. Cortisol is decreased 3. Sodium is decreased 4. Serum potassium is increased |
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What are the diagnostic procedures for Cushing's disease? |
1. FBS is increased 2. Plasma cortisol is increased 3. Serum sodium is increased 4. Serum potassium is decreased |
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What does pheochromocytoma result in? |
Hypertension Tachycardia Hyperglycemia Hypermetabolism Weight loss |
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What is pheochromocytoma? |
Tumor of the Adrenal medulla that secretes excessive catecholamines |
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What are the catecholamines? |
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine |
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What do anti-adrenergic drugs act like? |
Cholinergic system |
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What do anti-cholinergic drugs act like? |
Adrenergic system |
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Why do anti adrenergic drugs act like cholinergic system? |
Because they block the "fight or flight" system |
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Why do anti-cholinergic drugs act like the adrenergic system? |
Because they block the rest and digest system |
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What are the other terms for the adrenergic system? |
Fight or flight Sympathetic nervous system |
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What are the other terms for cholinergic system? |
Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and Digest |
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What are the receptors for the adrenergic system? |
A1 A2 B1 B2 DOP |
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What does the cholinergic system do? |
Stimulates the GI/GU systems and slows heart, lowers blood pressure |
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What do cholinergic meds treat? |
Urinary retention Constipation Some eye problems |
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What do anti adrenergic drugs do? |
Block the fight or flight response |
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Anti adrenergic meds cause signs and symptoms that are similar to what, and what are they? |
Cholinergic meds lows down the heart and lungs-can cause lung congestion and cough |
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What do anti-cholinergic drugs do? |
Block the rest and digest response |
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Anticholinergic meds causing symptoms that are similar to what, and what are they? |
Adrenergic meds Speeds up the heart and opens lungs-can cause tachycardia, blurred vision, urine and bowel retention |
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What meds are used to control high pressure? |
Alpha and beta blockers |
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What are used to dry oral secretions, an open lung Airways? |
Anticholinergic meds |
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What does atropine do? |
Dry oral secretions, open lung Airways |
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What does A1 do? |
Constricts |
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What does A2 do? |
Controls |
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What does B2 do? |
Breathes |
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What does B1 do? |
Beats |
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What does DOP do? |
Dialates |
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Where are The cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system located, and what are they responsible for? |
Located throughout the body Responsible for: activating the GI tract, urinary tract, slowing the heart to lower blood pressure, and everything else related to rest and digest functions. |
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What are the two receptors of cholinergic system? |
Nicotinic Muscarinic |
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What do muscarinic receptors do? |
Increase sweat and salivary gland secretions. |
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What are muscarinic receptors blocked by? |
Anticholinergic drugs like atropine |
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Why is atropine given? |
Stop secretions that fill up the throat when a breathing tube is inserted for surgery. |
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What does nicotinic N1 receptor effect? What does nicotinic N2 receptor effect? |
N1 muscles N2 nerves |
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What is the autonomic nervous system controlled by? |
The hypothalamus in response to body changes |
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To maintain homeostasis the hypothalamus generates what signals? |
Nerve signals from the brain Hormone signals from pituitary gland |
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What is the autonomic nervous system divided into? |
Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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What does the sympathetic nervous system control? |
Fight or flight response |
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system control? |
Rest and digest |
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What are the messenger chemicals of the sympathetic nervous system? |
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine |
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What are the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system? |
Adrenergic receptors |
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What is the chemical messenger of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
Acetylcholine |
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What are the receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
Cholinergic receptors |
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What does A1 constrict? |
Blood vessels Eyes Bladder Colon |
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What does dopamine dilate? |
Dilates kidney arteries |
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What is given to patients in shock because it spares the kidney? |
Dopamine |
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What do alpha blockers end in? |
Sin |
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What do alpha blockers block? |
A1 |
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What does B3 affect? |
Liver |
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What is a bronchodilator and a tocolytic to stop labor? |
Terbutaline |
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What does B2 affect? |
Lungs- bronchodilation Uterus- decreased uterine contractions |
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What does B1 affect? |
Heart--increase heartrate and contractility Kidney-- increased blood pressure due to renin release |
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What does A2 control? |
Regulate/suppresses norepinephrine via biofeedback loop. |
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What is an example of A2 agonist? What does it do? |
Clonidine Lowers blood pressure by activating A2 receptor |
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What do A2 receptors act like when they are stimulated? |
Adrenergic blockers (antagonist) |
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What are the adrenal glands? |
Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex |
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What does the Adrenal medulla do? |
Excretes catecholamines |
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What does the adrenal cortex do? |
Excretes cortisol, aldosterone and androgens |
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How long does it take for loss of adrenal cortical function to be fatal? |
4 to 14 days |
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True or false adrenal cortical function is essential for life? |
True |
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True or false, adrenal medullary function is essential for life? |
False |
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True or false adrenal cortical function is not essential for life? |
False it is essential for life |
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True or false, adrenal medullary function is not essential for life? |
True |
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Why is the adrenal medullary function not essential for life? |
Because the sympathetic nervous system also secretes the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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What is the basal metabolic rate of hypothyroidism? |
Decreased |
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What is the basal metabolic rate of hyperthyroidism? |
Increased |
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What is the sympathetic response of hypothyroidism? |
Decreased |
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What is a sympathetic response of hyperthyroidism? |
Increased |
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In hypothyroidism is there weight gain or loss? |
Gain |
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In hyperthyroidism is there weight gain or loss? |
Loss |
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What is the temperature tolerance of hypothyroidism? |
Cold intolerance, decreased sweating |
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What is the temperature tolerance of hyperthyroidism? |
Heat intolerance, increased sweating |
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What is the general behavior of hypothyroidism? |
Mental and physical sluggishness, joint pain |
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What is the general behavior of hyperthyroidism? |
Restless, irritability, anxiety wakefulness, sore muscles |
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What is the general appearance of hypothyroidism? |
Deep voice, impaired Grove, brittle hair and nails, impaired menstration |
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What is the general appearance of hyperthyroidism? |
Lid lag, decreased blink, enlarged thyroid gland |
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What is the respiratory function of hypothyroidism? |
Hypoventilation |
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What is the respiratory function of hyperthyroidism? |
Dyspnea |
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What is the cardiovascular function of hypothyroidism? |
Bradycardia |
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What is the cardiovascular function of hyperthyroidism? |
Tachycardia and palpitations |
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What is the GI function of hypothyroidism? |
Constipation Decreased appetite |
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What is the GI function of hyperthyroidism? |
Diarrhea Increased appetite |
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What does the parathyroid gland control? |
Calcium |
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What does high calcium mean? |
Muscles are too calm |
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What does low calcium mean? |
Muscles cannot calm down |
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What is hypoparathyroidism? |
Low calcium |
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What is hyperparathyroidism? |
High calcium |
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What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism? |
Atrophy Trauma Surgical removal along with thyroid |
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What is the pathophysiology of hypoparathyroidism? |
Decreased PTH-->decreased vitamin D activation--> decreased calcium reabsorption |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism? |
Same as hypocalcemia Tetany, paresthesia, irritability, arrhythmias |
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What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism? |
Vitamin D and calcium replacement |
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What is the treatment for hyperparathyroidism? |
Medications to decrease reabsorption of calcium from bone or surgical removal of glands. |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism? |
Same as hypercalcemia Lethargy, drowsiness, nausea vomiting, decreased deep tendon reflexes, fractures |
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What gender is hyperparathyroidism most common? |
Women |
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What is hyperparathyroidism characterized by? |
Bone pain and weakness from excess parathyroid hormone, polyuria. |
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What is the pathophysiology of hyperparathyroidism? |
Elevated serum calcium level--> produces calcium stored in the bone--> bone demineralization--> pathologic fractures and risk for injury. |
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What are some diseases of hypothyroidism? |
Hashimoto's Myxedema crisis |
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What is myxedema? |
Extreme complication of hypothyroidism in which patients exhibit multiple organ abnormalities and mental deterioration. |
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What refers to the swelling of the skin and soft tissue that occurs in patients who have hypothyroidism? |
Myxedema |
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What is Hashimoto's disease? |
Anti thyroid antibodies destroy the tissue |
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True or false, Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disease? |
True it's called autoimmune thyroiditis |
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What's another name for Hashimoto's disease? |
Autoimmune thyroiditis |
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What is acute thyroiditis? |
Bacterial infection or Subacute thyroiditis (non-bacterial information), |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism? |
Fatigue Weight gain Brittle nails Constipation Dry itchy skin Joint pain |
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What is another term for thyroid storm? |
Thyroid crisis |
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What is a thyroid storm? |
Life-threatening condition that develops rapidly and causes of severe increase in the patient's metabolic rate. |
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What is the one major sign of thyroid storm that differentiates it from ordinary hyperthyroidism? |
Elevation of body temperature which maybe as high as 105-106 degrees Fahrenheit, along with tachycardia and heart palpitations and dangerously high blood pressure. |
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When does thyroid crisis usually occur? |
Usually occurs in the first 12 hours after thyroidectomy |
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What is the cause of hyperthyroidism? |
Autoimmune abnormalities |
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How common is hyperthyroidism? |
Less common than hypothyroidism |
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What age and gender does hyperthyroidism affect? |
20 to 40 year olds Women |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism? |
Hypermetabolism Exophtalmos |
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What is the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism? |
Negative feedback overridden by thyroid stimulating mechanism--> decrease TSH due to secondary stimulation--> increased TH |
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What is the disease of hyperthyroidism? |
Graves disease |
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What disorder is it if Serum sodium is decreased, serum osmolarity is decreased and urine osmolarity is increased? |
SAIDH |
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What disorder is it if serum sodium is increased, serum osmolarity is increased and urine osmolarity is increased? |
Dehydration |
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What disorder is it if serum sodium is increased, serum osmolarity is increased and urine osmolarity is decreased? |
Diabetes insipidus |
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What disorder has too little ADH, is dumping fluid, and has dilute urine and high sodium? |
Diabetes insipidus |
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What gland controls ADH? |
Posterior pituitary |
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How do you diagnose the difference between SAIDH and diabetes insipidus? |
Look at urine Look at serum sodium |
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What is the first treatment of diabetes insipidus? |
Give one liter of IV ns |
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What disorder has too much ADH, retaining fluid, has concentrated urine with low sodium? |
SAIDH |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing's disease caused by? |
Fluid overload due to salt and fluid retention caused by too much aldosterone |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Addison disease caused by? |
Dehydration due to loss of salt and water which then results in low blood pressure |
