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37 Cards in this Set
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gigantism
etio |
over-production of growth hormones in childhood
begins in childhood before epiphyseal growth plates close +pg 3 |
multiple health problems - circulatory or skeletal.
Robert Waldow (1918-1940) - hypertrophy in anterior pituitary) |
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gigantism
S/S |
~proportional body growth in all body tissue (esp long bones)
~weak, clumsy ~8-9' |
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dwarfism
etio |
~decr. secretion of growth hormones during childhood.
adult height < 4' 10" (147 cm) caused by 200 + distinct medical conditions +pg 3 |
~prop/dis/proportionate dwarfism
~achondroplasia - 70% of dwarfism ~large head/ limbs disproprt. shorter than trunk/characteristic facial features. |
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dwarfism
S/S |
~retarded symmetrical physical growth
~premature body aging process ~slow intellectual development |
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addison's dz
etio |
~decr secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
~slow insidious onset |
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addison's dz
S/S |
~general weakness
~hypotension ~incr pigmentation of skin ~weight loss ~loss of libido ~hypoNatremia ~hyperKalemia |
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acromegaly
etio |
~pituitary produces excess growth hormones.
~occurs after closure of epiphysial plates at puberty. ~most commonly involves a tumor called pituitary adenoma. |
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acromegaly
S/S |
~lg hands/feet/nose/lips/ears/thick
skin ~protrusion of jaw/orbital ridges. ~swelling of organs esp.weakening heart mm. ~ kidneys/vocal cords > thick deep voice /slow speech |
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cushing's syndrome
etio |
~incr secretion of glucocorticoids
high levels of cortisol in the blood, caused by adrenal gland tumors ~hyperplastic adrenal glands, or ~glands with nodular adrenal *hyperplasia. |
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*hyperplasia
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1. the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often an initial stage in the development of cancer.
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cushing's: Exogenous vs Endogenous
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Hormones from outside the body are called Exogenous.
Hormones that come from within the body are called Endogenous +pg 3 |
Exo.... can be iatrogenic caused by administration of glucocorticoids to treat other diseases : eg steroids to treat asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, or in immuno suppression after organ transplant.
Endo..... derangement of body's system secreting cortisol. normally ACTH is released from pituitary when necessary to stimulate release of cortisol from adrenal glands. |
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cushing's syndrome
S/S |
~central obesity (obese trunk/thin
extremities) ~moon face ~buffalo hump ~hyperhydrosis ~masculine features ~mood swings ~acne ~hirsutism ~baldness ~purple/red striae ~hypertension ~hyperglycemia +pg 3 |
excess cortisol may affect other endocrine systems and cause
~insomnia ~reduced libido, impotence ~amenorrhea ~infertility due to ^ in androgens ~may also suffer from s's from euphoria to psychosis and/or depression & anxiety |
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Cushing's disease
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one specific cause of syndrome: a tumor (adenoma) in the pituitary gland produces large amounts of ACTH or CRH (70% of endogenous cases)
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cretinism
etio |
~decr secretions of thyroid hormone during childhood
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cretinism
S/S |
~severe phys/ment retardation
~dry skin ~coarse dry hair ~constipation ~poor appetite ~sensitivity to cold |
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myxedema
etio |
~decr secretion of thyroid hormone in adulthood
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myxedema
S/S |
~slow metabolism
~depression ~prone to constipation ~slow systems ~sensitivity to cold ~sensitive to narcotics/sedatives ~general edema ~general weakness |
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graves dz
etio |
autoimmune dz -overactive thyroid
(hyperthyroid thyrotoxicosis) caused by antibodies that activate TSH receptor >goiter> dramatic constellation neuropsychological and physical s/s ~no cure ~genetic link ~exacerbations/remissions ~wbc's mistake normal tissues as foreign ~greatly influenced by stress +pg 3 |
the most common form of hyper thyroidism in children
~hereditary component/ 5-10 times more common in females. 25-30% > Grave's opthalmopathy - inflammation of eye mm's by attacking auto-antibodies. |
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grave's disease
S/S |
~nervousness/anxiety
~hand tremors ~irritability ~cardiac arrhythmia ~sweating ~incr metab ~hypertension ~wt loss (despite good appetite) ~thin skin ~fine brittle hair ~mm's weak (upp. arms/thighs) ~vomiting ~diarrhea ~insomnia |
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diabetes insipidus
etio |
diabetes = siphon
+ lack of sugar in urine > insipidus = tasteless Two most common: ~ central DI > deficiency of ADH ~ nephrogenic DI > kidneys insensitive to ADH ~ can be iatrogenic +pg 3 |
~decr secretions of ADH from
damage to posterior pituitary ~trauma, tumor |
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diabetes insipidus
S/S |
~polyuria (3L/Hr)
~polydypsia ~dehydration ~urine very clear/diluted |
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DI s/s vs untreated D mellitus
both cause large amounts of urine |
diabetes insipidus is either a
~problem with the production of ADH (central diabetes insipidus) or ~kidney's response to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes ) +pg 3 |
diabetes mellitus causes polyuria via a process called osmotic diuresis, due to the high blood sugar leaking into the urine and taking excess water along with it.
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diabetes mellitus
etio |
~ a group of metabolic dzs > high blood sugar
a) body does not produce enough insulin or b) because cells do not respond to insulin that is produced |
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diabetes mellitus
S/S |
~polyuria
~polydypsia ~polyphagia ~wt loss |
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ketoacidosis
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acidosis with an accumulation of ketone bodies; occurs primarily in diabetes mellitus
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ketoacidosis
causes |
~lack of insulin
~infection ~stress |
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ketoacidosis
S/S |
~kussmaul hyper-ventilation (deep rapid breathing)
~confusion/decreased level of consciousness ~dehydration due to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis ~polydypsia ~polyphagia ~fruity smelling breath odour |
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diabetes mellitus type I
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*fatal without insulin
~pancreas (no insulin prod) ~insulin dependent ~juvenile onset ~prone to diabetic Ketoacidosis +pg 3 |
autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
~polyuria ~polydypsia ~polyphagia and weight loss |
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diabetes mellitus type II
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> insulin resistance: body cells do not respond appropriately when insulin is present
~metabolic disorder > high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. > most common in middle age and later life.... but diet , lifestyle....... >obesity |
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hypoglycemia
causes |
~decr dietary intake
~excess insulin ~tachycardia ~diaphoresis ~tremors ~weakness ~irritability ~confusion +pg 3 |
long term complications of high blood sugar can include:
~risk of heart attack ~strokes ~amputation ~ kidney failure |
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hyperglycemia
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> excessive amount of glucose in blood plasma. higher than 10 mmol/l (180 mg/dl
~may not be noticed until 15-20 (270-360) above 7 (125) can cause organ damage |
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mmol/l
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Millimoles per liter, a unit of measure that shows the concentration of a substance in a specific amount of fluid. In most of the world, except for the United States, blood glucose test results are reported as mmol/L. In the United States, milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) is used. ...
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hyperglycemia
s/s |
temporary hyper..... often benign and asymptomatic.
blood glucose can rise well above norm for significant periods w/o perm effects or symptoms.... +pg 3 |
chronic hyper...
~kidney damage ~neurological damage ~cardio damage ~retina damage |
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Acute hyperglycemia...
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involving extremely high glucose levels > medical emergency !
~can rapidly produce serious complications: ~ fluid loss through osmotic diuresis (most often seen in those with uncontrolled insulin dependent diabetes). ~polyuria ~polydypsia ~polyphagia +pg 3 |
and...
~blurred vision ~fatigue ~weight loss ~poor wound healing ~dry mouth ~dry itchy skin ~tingling in feet or heels ~erectile dysfunction ~recurrent infections - external ear (swimmer's) ~cardiac arrhythmia ~stupor ~coma |
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hypoglycemia
s/s |
problems arise from under supply of glucose to the brain
> neuroglycopenia (impairment of function) > dysphoria (unpleasant mood) to > seizures, unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent brain damage and death ! +pg 3 |
most common forms of hypo.... occur as complication of treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin or oral meds
> less common in non-diabetics, but can occur at any age. |
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hypoglycemia
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most healthy adults maintain blood glucose levels above 4.0 mmol/l
~sometimes difficult to diagnose hypo... Whipple's triad: 1. symptoms known to be caused by hypo.... 2. low glucose at time symptoms occur 3. reversal or improvement os s/s when glucose restored to normal |
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hypoglycemia treatment
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restore blood glucose
>dextrose >carbohydrate foods remove underlying cause, increase frequency of meals (or with meds!) |
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