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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the embryological origins of the 2 main layers of the adrenal gland?
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1) Adrenal cortex - coelomic mesoderm.
2) Adrenal medulla - neural crest. |
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Which set of arteries supply the adrenal glands?
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Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries.
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What blood vessel system allows hormonal communication between the adrenal cortex and medullary?
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Adrenal portal system.
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What types of capillaries are in the adrenal gland?
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Fenestrated with diaphragms, and a continuous basal lamina.
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What does the zona fasciculata look like histologically?
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Light-staining and spongy in appearance because of the lipid droplets; straight columns.
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What affects the rhythmic, pulsatile bursts of ACTH/Cortisol release?
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Various stress, disease.
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What kind of pigment granules may be found in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?
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Lipofuscin granules.
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What is Conn's Syndrome?
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Overproduction of aldosterone.
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How would you describe the adrenal medulla, relative to the autonomic nervous system?
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Modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons that have lost dendrites and axons.
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What do the cells of the adrenal medulla look like?
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Very inconsistent polyhedral shape, bubbly. Use this layer to ID the reticularis.
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What do granules produced in the adrenal medulla contain?
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1) Catecholamines (epinephrine, some norepinephrine)
2) Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (converts dopamine to NE) 3) Chromogranins (soluble polypeptides bound to catecholamines) |
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What is pheochromocytoma?
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Tumor of the adrenal gland causing hypersecretion of epinephrine.
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Each islet of langerhans is surrounded by _____________.
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A rich network of fenestrated capillaries with diaphragms, and a continuous basal lamina.
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What is the function of autonomic nerve fibers in the pancreatic islets?
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Regulated insulin and glucagon secretion.
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What are the 4 types of cells located in the pancreas, and what do they secrete?
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1) Alpha - Somatostatin
2) Beta - Insulin 3) Delta - Somatostatin 4) F - Pancreatic polypeptide (rare) |
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What are the characteristics of an inactive thyroid follicle?
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Squamous cell lining with abundant colloid.
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What are the characteristics of a stimulated thyroid follcile?
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Cuboidal cell lining with less colloid.
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What types of capillaries are found in the thyroid gland?
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Fenestrated with diaphragms and continuous basal lamina.
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What do parafollicular "C" cells of the thyroid produce?
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Clacitonin.
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What is Hashimoto's disease?
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Antibodies are produced that attack the thyroid gland preventing its function - hypothyroidism.
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What types of cells are found in the parathyroid gland?
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Chief and oxyphil cells.
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What do chief cells of the parathyroid gland produce? What does it regulate?
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). Plasma Calcium levels increase.
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What is the embryological orgin of the pineal gland?
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Neural ectoderm.
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What is brain sand?
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Calcified deposits marking the skull midline, found in the pineal gland.
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What cells are responsible for producing melatonin?
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Pinealocytes of the pineal gland.
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