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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Endocrine Reflexes?
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Functional counterparts of neural reflexes, and in most cases, are controlled by negative feedback mechanisms
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What do Endocrine Reflexes trigger?
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Humoral, Hormonal, and Neural stimuli
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What is Humoral stimuli?
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changes in composition of extracellular fluid
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What is Hormonal stimuli?
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arrival or removal of specific hormone
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What is Neural stimuli?
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arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions
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How many hormones are involved in a Simple Endocrine Reflex?
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only one!
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What do Simple Endocrine Reflexes control?
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hormone secretion by the heart, pancreas, parathyroid gland, and digestive tract
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What does a Complex Endocrine Reflex involve?
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1 or more intermediary steps and 2 or more hormones
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What does the Hypothalamus do?
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Integrates activities of nervous and endocrine systems in 3 ways
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In what 3 ways does the Hypothalamus work?
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1. it secretes regulatory hormones,
2. acts as an endocrine organ 3. and contains autonomic centers |
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Neuroendocrine Reflexes have pathways that include what 2 types of components?
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neural and endocrine
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Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones released in sudden bursts are called?
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pulses
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The frequency of pulses varies what?
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the response of target cells
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What is another name for the Pituitary Gland?
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hypophysis
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Where is the Pituitary Gland located?
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It lies within sella turcica and hangs inferior to hypothalamus
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How is the Pituitary Gland connected to the hypothalamus?
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by the infundibulum
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How many important hormones does the Pituitary Gland release?
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9
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What is another name for the Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland?
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adenohypophysis
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What are the names of the three parts that make up the Anterior Lobe?
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1. pars distalis
2. pars intermedia 3. pars tuberalis |
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What is the Median Eminence?
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the swelling near attachmen of the infundibulum
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What is the Median Eminence for?
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It is where the hypothalamic neurons release regulatory factors, into interstitial fluids through fenestrated capillaries
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What are the Portal Vessels?
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blood vessels that link 2 capillary networks
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The Portal Vessels and the 2 capillary networks they attach to is called?
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portal system
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What is the job of the Hypophyseal Portal System?
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it ensures that regulatory factors reach intended target cells before entering general circulation
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What are the 2 Classes of Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones?
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Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
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What do the Releasing Hormones (RH) do?
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Stimulate synthesis and secretion of 1 or more hormones at anterior lobe
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What do the Inhibiting Hormones (IH) do?
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The opposite of RH: they prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from anterior lobe
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What does the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) do?
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Triggers release of thyroid hormones
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The Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) does what?
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Stimulates release of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex
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What does the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) target?
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It targets cells that produce glucocorticoids
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What are Gonadotropins?
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Follicle-stimulating hormones and Luteinizing hormones
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What do Gonadotropins do?
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Regulate activities of gonads (testes, ovaries)
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How does the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) affect females?
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It stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion
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How does the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) affect males?
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it stimulates sustentacular cells in males by promoting physical maturation of sperm
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Production of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is inhibited by inhibin. What is inhibin?
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a peptide hormone released by testes and ovaries
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What does the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) do in both males and females?
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It causes ovulation and progestin production in females; and causes androgen production in males
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What is FSH and LH Production stimulated by?
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the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus
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What does Prolactin (PRL) do?
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it stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production; and stimulates PIH release (its inhibitor)
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What inhibits production of Prolactin (PRL)?
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the prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
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What does the Growth Hormone (GH) do?
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It stimulates cell growth and replication
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Production of the Growth Hormone (GH) is regulated by?
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growth hormone–releasing hormone (GH–RH) and growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GH–IH)
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What does the Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) do? And what inhibits it?
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It stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin;
And it is Inhibited by dopamine |
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skip
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skip
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What is another name for the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland?
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neurohypophysis
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What does the Posterior Lobe produce?
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
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What does the Antidiuretic Hormone do?
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it decreases the amount of water lost at kidneys and elevates blood pressure
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The releasing of the Antidiuretic Hormone is inhibited by what?
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alcohol
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What does Oxytocin do?
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It stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands and the smooth muscles in the uterus
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Secretion and milk ejection are part of the _________ reflex?
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neuroendocrine
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What is Hypogonadism?
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Low production of gonadotropins
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What are the effects of Hypogonadism for both children and adults?
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- children will not undergo sexual maturation
- adults cannot produce functional sperm or oocytes |
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What is the Diabetogenic Effect?
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Elevation of blood glucose levels by GH
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What is Diabetes Insipidus and what does it do?
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Inadequate amounts of ADH released from posterior lobe; and it impairs water conservation at kidneys
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Where is the Thyroid Gland located?
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It lies anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
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The Thyroid Gland consists of 2 lobes connected by what?
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isthmus
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What are Thyroid Follicles?
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Hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium
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What do Thyroid Follicles surround?
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follicle cavity
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What is a follicle cavity filled with?
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colloid
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Thyroid Follicles are surrounded by network of capillaries that do what?
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- deliver nutrients and regulatory hormones
- and accept secretory products and metabolic wastes |
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What is Thyroglobulin and what does its molecules contain?
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It is a globular protein and its molecules contain the amino acid tyrosine
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Thyroglobulin is synthesized by what?
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follicle cells
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What is Thyroglobulin secreted into?
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colloid of thyroid follicles
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