Endocrine

Front 1

Describe Neural signaling (nervous system)?

Back 1

 Uses 2 types of intracellular communications (electrical and chemical signaling)  Uses neurotransmitters  Targets cells responds within milliseconds  Fast start and stop  Short distance traveling in synaptic cleft

Front 2

Describe Endocrine signaling?

Back 2

 Hormones secreted into extracellular fluid diffuse into blood or lymph and can travel great distance throughout the body  Uses 1 method of communication (chemical= hormone)  Requires more time than neural signaling to prompt a response in target cells  Less specific than neural  Usually slow acting  Take care of internal environment of body (homeostasis & reproduction)

Front 3

Why is the fight-or-flight response so fast even though hormones are slow acting?

Back 3

 The endocrine and nervous systems are connected  The nervous system stimulates adrenal glands in response to danger to secrete their hormones which causes rapid endocrine responses

Front 4

Describe Autocrine signaling?

Back 4

 Takes place in the same cell as endocrine signaling  A chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it  Ex= some cancers, cytokinesis

Front 5

Describe Paracrine signaling ?

Back 5

 Local intercellular communication  Also called “paracrine factor”  Chemical that induces a response in neighboring cells

Front 6

What are the different types of Endocrine glands?

Back 6

 Pituitary  Adrenal  Thyroid  Pineal  Parathyroid  Some have endocrine and non-endocrine functions

Front 7

Define Endocrine gland?

Back 7

 Primary function is to secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid  The interstitial fluid & blood vessels than transport the hormones throughout the body

Front 8

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called?

Back 8

Paracrine signaling

Front 9

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of?

Back 9

Thyroid Hormone

Front 10

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. what direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?

Back 10

Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated

Front 11

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. what type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

Back 11

Neural stimulus (stimuli)

Front 12

The hypothalamus is functinally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituirary lobe by a bridge of?

Back 12

Nerve axons

Front 13

which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

1. ADH

2.Oxytocin

3. TSH

4. Cortisol

Back 13

3. TSH,

- TRH from hypothalamus is released from neuron into blood travels to anterionr pituirary

-then releases TSH

-TSH targets thyroid causing it to release T3 and T4 (that target body cells & increase metabolism)

Front 14

How many hormones are produced by the postior pituitary?

Back 14

0 are produced, stores and secretes hormones (only ADH and Oxytocin)

Front 15

which hormones contributes to regulation of the body's fluid and electolyte balance?

Back 15

antidiuretic hormone

Front 16

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by?

Back 16

TSH from the anterior pituitary

Front 17

Iodide ions cross from bloddstream into follicle cells via?

Back 17

Acrive transport

Front 18

when blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates?

Back 18

the activity of osteoclasts

Front 19

which can result from hyperparathyroidism?

Back 19

fractures

Front 20

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

Back 20

the kidneys

Front 21

what secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

Back 21

chromaffin cells

Front 22

cushings disease is a disorder caused by?

Back 22

abnormally hogh levels of cortisol

- produced by adrenal gland

Front 23

signs of cushings disease are?

Back 23

pituitary tumor

development of moon-shaped face

buffalo hump on back of neck

rapid weight gain

hair loss

Front 24

what cells secrete melatonin?

Back 24

Pinealocytes

Front 25

The production of melatonin is inhibited by?

Back 25

exposure to bright light

Front 26

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

Back 26

steroid hormones

Front 27

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

Back 27

Inhibin

Front 28

The walls of the atria produce which hormone?

Back 28

atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 29

If an autoimmune disoder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

Back 29

Glucagon

Front 30

Describe insulin?

Back 30

facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane

Front 31

Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their?

Back 31

blood oxygen levels

Front 32

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the?

Back 32

development of T cells

Front 33

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?

Back 33

oral ectoderm

Front 34

In elderly, decreased thyroid function causes?

Back 34

Decreased basal metabolis rate

Front 35

what do Hormones play a critical role in?

Back 35

regulation of physiological processes

Front 36

Describe Hormones?

Back 36

-may travel throughout body into bloodstream and affect activity only of its target cells

-target cells have receptors that are the right shape to fit with each hormone

-affect individual cells, which leads to whole-body effects

Front 37

what is the main thing that determins the hormons effect?

Back 37

Receptor type

Front 38

Decribe Growth effect of hormones?

Back 38

hormones can speed up the rate of mitosis

Front 39

Describe hormone affect on Metabolism?

Back 39

-hormones can activate genes to make more of enzymes that do cellular repiration

-also cause glucose to be stored as glycogen for later use, or broken for immediate use

Front 40

Describe hormone affect in blood pressure?

Back 40

-hormones can increase the # of sodium transport proteins in kidney cells so more sodium is reabsorbed into blood

-this causes water to follow by osmosis & increase blood volume & pressure

Front 41

Describe hormone affect in Reproduction?

Back 41

-homones can acfivate stem cells to differentiate into eggs & sperm, & increase mitosis in uterine lining to thicken it

Front 42

what does pineal gland make?

Back 42

melatonin that regulates sleep cycles

Front 43

Describe Parathyroid gland?

Back 43

-there are 4 of them on posterior side of thyroid

-release PTH (parathyroid hormone) which regualtes blood calcium

Front 44

Describe thyroid glands?

Back 44

-butterfly structure

-infront of lyrinx

-releases a few hormones (calcitonin and T3 & T4)

Front 45

Which causes a hormone to have a bigger effect on a cell?

Back 45

High affinity between the hormone and receptor

Front 46

What hormone is released from posterior pituitary?

Back 46

ADH -Antidiuretic hormone

Front 47

Jamie recently did a blood test And found out they had hypoglycemia. Jamie and has also noticed their bruises take longer to heal then usual common and they are developing fat deposits around their chin there make their face look "moon shaped"

You suspect the Jamie might have blank, due to blank levels. This could be caused by a blank?

Back 47

-cushings disease

-high cortisol

-pituitary tumor

Front 48

Things that are overall effects of hormones can have on the body

Back 48

-stimulating mitosis

- Increasing protein synthesis

- Making cells more permeable to some ions and molecules

- Increasing metabolism

Front 49

Statements that are true about hormones

Back 49

- They are chemical messengers that travel into the blood

- Each hormone may attached to multiple types of receptors

- The shape of a home under tremens which cell a will be able to target

Front 50

Example of synergists relationship

Back 50

ADH and aldosterone at the kidney

Front 51

Example of Antagonists relationship

Back 51

GHRH and GHIH at the anterior pituitary

Front 52

Examples of permissive relationships

Back 52

T3 and T4 with FSH and LH at reproductive organs

Front 53

Which form only produces blood pressure by inhibiting the hormones that increase blood pressure ?

Back 53

Atrial Natiuretic peptide (ANP)

Front 54

Hormones that increase blood glucose by causing gluconeogenesis

Back 54

-growth hormone

-Cortisol

-Glucagon

Front 55

what is Amine hormone?

Back 55

-derived from modificstion of Amino acids

-water soluble

-single Amino acid

Front 56

Describe peptide hormone?

Back 56

-derived from multiple amino acids that link to form an amino acid chain

-consist of short chians of amino acids

Front 57

Describe protein hormones ?

Back 57

-also derived from multiple amino acids that link to form an amino acid chain

-long polypeptides

Front 58

Examples of Peptide hormone?

Back 58

-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)= pituitary hormone importatnt in fluid balance

-Atrial-natriuretic peptide= produced by heart & helps decrease blood pressure

Front 59

Examples of Protein hormones?

Back 59

-Growth hormone= produced by pituitary gland & follicle-stimulatin hormone (FSH)

Front 60

Describe Steroid hormone?

Back 60

-Derived from lipid cholesterol

-testosterone and estrogen (types of steroid hormones)

-adrenal galnds produce the steroid hormone aldosterone

Front 61

How are lipid soluble hormones transported into blood?

Back 61

must attach to a carrier molecule

Front 62

what can cAMP do?

Back 62

-open channels that allows ions into cells causing it to depolarize and have electrical charge

-activates protein kinase

Front 63

what do proteinkinase do?

Back 63

activate other proteins by giving them phosphate groups which initiates a phosphorylation cascade

Front 64

Define phosphorylation cascade?

Back 64

multiple protein kinases phosphorylate numerous and various celllar proteins, including other enzymes

Front 65

What is permissive effect?

Back 65

one hormone "permits" the other the have an effect (second hormone wont do anything unles first is present)

Front 66

Examples of permissive effect?

Back 66

T3 and T4 with FSH and LH at the reproductive organs

Front 67

Define synergistic effect?

Back 67

hormones target the same place & have similar effects/the effect is stronger when both hormones are present

Front 68

Examples of synergistic effect?

Back 68

-ADH and Aldosterone at the kidney

-Estrogen & progesteron at the uterus

Front 69

Define Antagonistic effect?

Back 69

hormones that target the same place & have opposing effects. most common type

Front 70

Examples of Antagonistic effect?

Back 70

-GHRH and GHIH at the anterior pituitary

-Insulin & glucagone

-PTH & Calcitonin

Front 71

Define Hormonal stimuli?

Back 71

One hormone causes another to be released

Front 72

Define Humoral stimuli?

Back 72

levels of something in blood(humor) cause a hormone to be released

Front 73

Define Neural stimuli?

Back 73

a neuron releases a molecule into blood instead of at a synapse, so that molecule is a hormone

Front 74

Describe Addisons disease?

Back 74

-causes low blood glucose levels and low blood sodium levels

-when the adrenal glands dont produce enough hormones

Front 75

Signs of Addisons disease?

Back 75

-general weekness

-sweating

-creaving salty foods

-weight loss

-vomiing/nausea

*usually of other disorders as well make diagnosis difficult*

Front 76

Describe Acromegaly disorder?

Back 76

-in adults caused when the pituitary gland produces abnormally high levels of GH trigger growh of bones in face, hands and feet

Front 77

Signs of Acromegaly?

Back 77

-headaches

-sweating

-fatigue

-increased ring size

-joint pain

Front 78

Signs of Acromegaly?

Back 78

-headaches

-sweating

-fatigue

-increased ring size

-joint pain

Front 79

Describe Gigantism?

Back 79

disroder in children caused when the pituirary gland makesabnormally high levels of GH prompt excessive growth (also called- somatoropin)

Front 80

Describe Pituitary dwarfism(growth hormone defiviency)?

Back 80

disorder in children caused when pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone; result in childs slow growth pattern and an ususually small stature

Front 81

which increase the effect of a hormone of its target cell?

Back 81

-up regulation of receptors

-presence of high-affinity receptor

Front 82

which hormone(s) are released due to a humoral stimulus?

Back 82

-glucagon

-calcitonin

Front 83

what do T3 and T4 do?

Back 83

Increase metabolism

Front 84

ACTH does what?

Back 84

increase release of aldosterone and cortisol

Front 85

Erythropoeitin does what?

Back 85

Increase production of red blood cells

Front 86

GHIH does what?

Back 86

Inhibit the release of growth hormone

Front 87

Describe E & NE

Back 87

-can be hormones or neurotransmitters

-are permissive for other hormones including FSH and LH

-a neural stimulus causes their release

Front 88

which hormone is lipid soluble?

Back 88

aldosterone

Front 89

Lipid soluble hormone usually work by:

Back 89

activating genes in target cells

Front 90

which pairs of hormones have antagonistic relationship?

Back 90

Cortisol and insulin

Front 91

Signs of Gigantism?

Back 91

-large hands, feet in children

-thck toes & fingers