Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
terrorism
|
As define by the US Department of Justice, a violent act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any segment to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, on furtherance of political or social objectives.
|
48.3
|
|
|
Domestic terrorism examples
|
Native citizens who carry out terrorist acts against their own country.
The Centennial park bombing during the 1996 summer Olympics, bombing of Federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995. |
48.3-4
|
|
|
Characteristics of terrorist attacks
|
Most require coordination of multiple terrorists or "actors"working together. Often times these attacks take lots of planning. Most are covert, meaning the public safety community generally has no prior knowledge of the attack.
|
48.4 & 6
|
|
|
WMDs or WMC
|
Weapons of Mass Destruction, or Weapon of Mass Casualty, is any agent design to bring about mass death, casualties, and/or massive damage to property & infrastructure.
|
48.4
|
|
|
What are the categories of terrorist incidents that we may confront in the field?
|
BNICE
B-Biological N-Nuclear I-Incendiary C-Chemical E-Explosive |
48.4
|
|
|
Chemical agents
|
Manmade substances that can have devastating effects on living organisms. They may be in the form of liquid, powder, or vapor. Has 5 categories.
|
48.4
|
|
|
List the five categories of chemical terrorism:
|
-Vesicants or blister agents
-Respiratory or choking agents -Nerve agents -Metabolic or blood agents -Irritating agents |
48.5
|
|
|
Preferred WMDs to date
|
Explosive devices
|
48.5
|
|
|
The definition of biological agents
|
Organisms that cause disease or death, viruses, bacteria, and toxins.
|
48.4-5
|
|
|
The weapon of choice of the suicide bomber
|
Explosives
|
48.5
|
|
|
Terrorism Threat Level and what it means to you
|
The level indicates the potential for an attack; severe (red), high (orange), elevated (yellow), guarded (blue), low (green).
You should take appropriate actions and precautions while continuing to perform daily duties and responding to calls. |
48.6
|
|
|
Staging considerations when arriving on the scene of a WMD attack
|
When dealing with a WMD scene, it is safe to assume that you will not be able to enter where the event has occurred, nor do you want to. The best location for staging is upwind and uphill from the incident.
|
48.7
|
|
|
Contamination vs cross-contamination
|
Contamination is direct contact, while cross-contamination is contact with a contaminated person who has not yet been decontaminated.
|
48.7
|
|
|
Volatile vs nonvolatile agents
|
Terms used to describe how long the agent will stay of the surface before it evaporates.
Persistent or nonvolatile agents can remain on a surface for long periods of time, usually longer than 24 hours. Nonpersistent or volatile agents evaporate relatively fast when left on a surface in the optimal temperature range. |
48.8
|
|
|
How vesicants inflict injury
|
Contact with the skin, if left on the skin or clothing long enough it produces vapors. These vapor enter the respiratory tract causing burn-like blisters.
|
48.8-9
|
|
|
Examples of vesicants
|
Blister agents, sulfa mustard, Lewisite, and phosgene oxime.
|
48.8
|
|
|
S/s of exposure to mustard gas
|
Generally pt will not produce s/s until 4 to 6 hours after exposure. Progressive reddening of the affected area, forming large blisters, lower airway compromise cause by damage and swelling.
|
48.9
|
|
|
S/s of exposure to cholrine
|
Dyspnea, tachypnea, and pulmonary edema.
Route of exposure is respiratory tract where it damages the lung tissue causing fluid to leak into the lungs. Initally CL (chlorine) causes irritation and choking senstation, with the pt later experiencing SOB, tightness in chest, hoarseness or stridor (airway obstruction) gasping and coughing. |
48.10
|
|
|
S/s of exposure to phosgene
|
Dyspnea, tachypnea, and pulmonary edema.
Route of exposure is respiratory tract where it damages the lung tissue causing fluid to leak into the lungs. Has a much more tolerable smell in comparance to CL, like freshly mow grass or hay, resulting in greater exposure. Initally s/s are n/v, cx tightness, severe cough, and dyspnea upon exertion. Symptoms may be delay for hours. |
48.10
|
|
|
LD50
|
Lethal Dose 50 is the amount that will kill 50% of people exposed at this level.
|
48.10
|
|
|
Characteristics of CL
|
Chlorine is a pulmonary or choking agent with a distant odor or bleach and creates a green haze when release as a gas.
|
48.10
|
|
|
Pulmonary agent tx
|
Remove pt from the contaminated area (personnel with proper PPE). ABCs, allow pt to rest, IV access, and rapid transport. Pharmalogical therapy may be appropiate to control symptoms or bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, potential steroid use, and oxygen with positive-pressure ventilations.
|
48.10
|
|
|
Characteristics of nerve agents
|
Kills large numbers with small quantities causing cardiac arrest in seconds to minutes of exposure. Kills by disrupting the brain and nervous system. The basic chemical ingredient is organophosphate.
|
48.10 &12
|
|
|
What do nerve agents block?
|
Disrupts brain and nervous system by blocking essential enzymes in the nervous system called cholinesterase from working causing the body's organs to become overstimulated and burn out.
|
48.10
|
|
|
Sarin
|
Colorless and odorless liquid which turns into a gas rapidly. Highly lethal, primarily a vapor hazard, route of exposure through respiratory tract. Contaminated skin and clothing cause off gasing, releasing vapors over time.
|
48.11
|
|
|
Soman
|
Twice as persistent as Sarin and five times as lethal. Fruity odor, generally no color, route of exposure in contact and inhalation/respiratory. Binds to cells faster than any other agent.
|
48.11
|
|
|
S/s of nerve agent exposure
|
SLUDGEM or DUMBELS
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defication, GI distress, Emesis, Miosis Defecation, Urination, Miosis, Bradycardia and Bronchorrhea, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation Seizure which often are follow by death. |
48.11
|
|
|
Contents of NAAK/MARK1
|
Nerve Agent Antidote Kits or MARK 1 Kits contain two auto-injector medications (like the epi-pen): atropine and 2-PAM chloride (pralidoxime chloride).
Atropine blocks nerve agents over stimulation of the body. 2-Pam eliminates the agent from the body. |
48.11-12
|
|
|
Commonalities of tabun, sarin, soman and V agent
|
Nerve agents with sudden onset of s/s. SLUDGEM or DUMBELS.
Multiple doses of NAAK/MARK 1 may be needed. |
48.10-12
Table 48-3 |
|
|
How does cyanide (AC) and cyanogens chloride (CK) affect the body?
|
Affects the body's ability to use oxygen.
|
48.12
|
|
|
Characteristics of Cyanide
|
AC is colorless gas with an almond like odor. Kills in seconds to mins. Found in many industrial sites ie plastic processing.
|
48.12
|
|
|
Dissemination
|
The means by which terrorist will spread the agent, ie poision the water supply, etc.
|
48.13
|
|
|
What is a disease vector?
|
An animal that spreads disease, once infected, to another animal.
|
48.13
|
|
|
Communicability
|
How easily the disease is able to spread from one human to another human.
|
48.14
|
|
|
Incubation
|
The period of time between the person becoming exposed to the agent and when symptoms begin. They are still contagious before the s/s.
|
48.14
|
|
|
Viruses
|
Germs that require a living host to multiply and survive. Cannot thrive outside the host. Invades healthy cells and replicates itself through the host.
|
48.14
|
|
|
Characteristics of small pox
|
Last natural case was seen in 1977 in the whole world. Starts with a high fever, headache, and body aches. All the lesions are identical in the development. In other skin disorders, the lesions will be in various stages of healing and development. Most contagious when blisters form. Use full PPE all the way to gown, N95, and eye protection.
|
48.14
|
|
|
Small pox vaccination distribution considerations
|
Because the vaccine does have some risk, only first responders have been offered the vaccine. Should an outbreak occur, vaccine would be offered to people at risk.
|
48.14
|
|
|
Viral hemmorrgic fevers
|
A group of diseaeases that include the Ebola, Rift Valley, and yellow fever viruses, among others. This group of viruses causes the blood in the body to seep out from the tissues and blood vessels.
|
48.14-15
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
Much more complex and larger than viruses. They do not require a host to multiply and live, being completely self sufficient. Can be fought with antibiotics.
|
48.15
|
|
|
Anthrax
|
A deadly bacteria that lays dormant in a spore, protective shell. Routes of exposure or inhalation, cutaneous, or gastrointestinal. Antibiotics can be used for tx.
|
48.15
|
|
|
Characteristics of ebola virus infection
|
Bleeding everywhere internal and external.
|
48.15
|
|
|
The definition and characteristics of the bubonic plague
|
An epidemic that spread throughout Europe in the Middle Ages, causing over 25 million deaths, transmitted by infected fleas and characterized by acute malaise, fever, and the formation of tender, enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes that appear as lesions, called buboes.
|
48.22
|
|
|
Neurotoxins
|
Most deadly substance known to human. Fastest onset, not contagious, but have not been used successfully as WMD. Produce from plants, marine animals, mods, and bacteria.
|
48.16
|
|
|
What is ricin derived from
|
Mash that is left from the castor bean.
|
48.16
|
|
|
The biological agent with the highest communicability
|
small pox
|
48.14
Table 48-5 |
|
|
Points of distribution for the Strategic National Stockpile
|
Strategically placed facilities that have been pre-established for the mass distribution of antibiotics, antidotes, vaccinations, and other medications and supplies. Often overall run by Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Pharmaceutical Stockpile.
|
48.18
|
|
|
Ionizing radiation
|
Energy that is emitted in the form of rays, or particles in an attempt to stabilize itself by changing its structure, known as decay.
|
48.19
|
|
|
Alpha
|
Least harmful type of radiation and cannot penetrate through most objects, even a piece of paper.
|
48.19
|
|
|
Beta
|
Slightly more penetrating than alpha and requires a layer of clothing to stop it.
|
48.19
|
|
|
Gamma
|
Easily penetrates through the human body and requires either several inches of lead or concrete to prevent penetration.
|
48.19
|
|
|
The destructive capability of a dirty bomb
|
Name given to a bomb that is used as a radiological dispersal device.
Although they sound scary, dirty bombs only really carry the destructive capability of the explosives attach to them. Thus the radiation adds little effects, making this an ineffective WMD. |
48.19
|
|
|
Radiation illness
|
Radiation can be introduced into the body by all routes of entry as well as through the body (irradiation). Once in the body, the radiation source will irradiate the person from within rather than from an external source.
|
48.20
|
|
|
irradiation
|
Radiation going through the body, inside to out.
|
Class
|
|
|
Protective measures for radiation
|
Consist of time, distance, shielding.
|
48.20
|
|
|
Common s/s of acute radiation sickness
|
N/V/D
Additional injuries will occur with a nuclear blast such as thermal and blast trauma. |
48.20
|
|
|
Medical management of radiation
|
Being exposed to radiation souce does not make a pt contaminated or radioactive. However, when a pt has radioactive source on there clothing or skin etc from the blast than they must be decontaminated.
Tx ABCs and burns or trauma. |
48.20
|
|
|
How could terrorist disseminate smallpox?
|
Aerosolized for warfare or terrorist uses.
|
48.14
Table 48-5 |
