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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Galea aponeurotica
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A tendon expansion that connects the frontal and occipital muscles of the cranium.
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21.4
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What is the dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of the bone?
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Periosteum
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21.4
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How many bones does the skull contain?
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28 In three anatomic groups: the auditory ossicles, the cranium, and the face
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21.4
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auditory ossicles
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Function in hearing, located three on each side of head deep within the cavities of the temporal bone.
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21.4-5
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cranial vault
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Consist of eight bones that encase and protect the brain: the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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21.5
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What large opening does the spinal cord go from the brain down?
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foramen magnum
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21.5
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By the time a child is _________ old, the sutures should had solidified and the fontanelles closed.
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18 months
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21.5
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mastoid process
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A cone-shaped section of bone as the base of the temporal bone.
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21.44
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List the facial bones
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Maxillae, vomer, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones.
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21.6
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What are the two major nerves that supply sensory and motor to the face?
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The trigeminal (V cranial nerve), and the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve).
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21.6
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blowout fracture
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A fracture to the floor of the orbit usually caused by a blow to the eye.
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21.42
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nasal septum
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The separation between the two nostrils.
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21.7
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What nerve controls eye and upper eyelids movement?
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The oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve)
it also carries parasympathetic nerve fibers that cause constriction of the pupil and accommodation of the lens. |
21.7
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What crainal nerve provides vision?
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The second know as optic nerve.
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21.7
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sclera
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"The white of the eye"
A tough fibrous coat that helps maintain shape and protects the eye. |
21.7
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cornea
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The trasparent anterior portion of the eye that overlies the iris and pupil.
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21.7
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Clouding of the cornea during aging results in....
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cataract.
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21.7
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conjunctiva
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A delicate mucous membrane that covers the sclera and internal surface of the eyelids but not the iris.
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21.7
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iris
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The pigment part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. Contracts and expands to regulate the size of the pupil.
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21.8
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pupil
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The circular adjustable opening within the iris through which light passes the lens.
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21.8
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lens
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Located behind the pupil and the iris, a transparent structure that can alter its thickness to focus light on the retina at the back of the eye.
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21.8
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Retina
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Located in the posterior aspect of the interior globe, is a delicate 10-layered structure of nervous tissue that extends from the optic nerve. It receives light impulses and converts them to nerve signals that are conducted to the brain by the optic nerve and interpreted as vision.
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21.8
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What fluid of the eye cannot be replace?
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Vitreous humor
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21.8
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What are the two types of vision?
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Central and peripheral
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21.8
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What are the three anatomic parts of the ear?
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External, middle, and inner.
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21.9
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The normal adult contains __ permanent teeth.
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32
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21.9
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What cranial nerve supplies motor function to the muscles of the tongue?
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The XII hypoglossal nerve
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21.10
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What cranial nerve provides taste and parasympathetic fibers to the salivary glands?
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The IX glossppharyngeal nerve
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21.10
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What cranial nerve innervates mastication?
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The V trigeminal nerve
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21.10
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What cranial nerve supplies taste and facial expression?
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The VII facial nerve.
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21.10
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What are the major parts of the brain
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The cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.
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21.11
pic on 21.12 |
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cerebrum
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Largest portion of the brain, divided into rt and lt halves, and is responsible for higher functions, such as reasoning.
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21.11
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The diencephalon
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Located between brain stem and cerebrum includes the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. Thalamus controls mood and general body movement.Subthalamus controls motor function. Hypothalamus is vital in many things such as heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, vomiting, and sleep cycle.
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21.12
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cerebellum
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Located beneath the cerebral hemisphere in the inferoposterior part of the brain. Maintains posture and equilibrium and the coordination of skilled movements.
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21.12-13
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brain stem
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Consist of the midbrain, pons, and the medulla. The pons contain numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and medullary respiratory center. The medulla serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descent nerve tracts. It also coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
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21.13
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Limbic system
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Portion of the cerbrum and diencephalon, which influences emotion, motivation, mood, and sensation of pain and pressure.
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21.13
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List the meninges from outer in inner
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dura, arachnoid, and pia matter.
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21.13-14
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General s/s of maxillofacial fx
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Ecchymosis, swelling, pain, crepitus, dental mallocclusion, facial deformities or asymmetry, instability of the facial bones, impaired ocular movement, and visual disturbance.
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21.15
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Tx of epistaxis
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Apply direct pressure to the nares, if conscious and no c-spine protection is needed have them lean forward. If unconscious place pt on side unless contraindicated by c-spine.
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21.17
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hyphema
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Bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye that obscures vision, partially or completely.
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21.19
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How may the eyes move with a blowout fracture and why?
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In a pt with a blowout fx, the eyes may not move together because of muscle entrapment, so the pt sees double images of an object.
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21.20
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If hyphema or rupture to the globe of the eye, take...
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c-spine precautions, due to the significant force needed to cause such injuries. Elevate head about 40 degrees to prevent intraocular pressure and discourage pt from things that increase pressure like coughing.
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21.22
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head injury
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A traumatic insult to the head that may result in injury to soft tissue, bony structures, or the brain.
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21.29
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Linear skull fractures
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Most common fx to skull, accounts for ~80%. Also referred to as nondisplaced skull fx, commonly occurs in the temporal-parietal region of the skull; not associated with deformities.
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21.44 and 21.30
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open skull fx
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Brain tissue may be exposed, increasing chance of infection and death.
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21.31
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depression skull fx
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Results from high-energy direct trauma to a small surface area of the head with blunt object (ie. baseball bat to the head), commonly result in bony fragments being driven into the brain.
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21.43
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basilar skull fx
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Usually occur following diffuse impact to head (ie. falls, mva); generally result from extension of a linear fx to the base of the skull and can be difficult to diagnosis with an x-ray.
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21.42
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traumatic brain injury (TBI)
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According to the National Head Injury Foundation it is define as "a traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual. emotional, social, and vocational changes."
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21.31
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Explain the two classifications of traumatic brain injuries
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Primary brain injury is injury to the brain and its associated structures that results instantaneously from impact to the head.
Secondary brain injury refers to the "after effects" of the primary injury; it includes abnormal process such as cerebral edema, intracranial hemorrhage, increase ICP, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and infection. Occurs a few minutes or several days after the initial injury. |
21.31
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coup-contrecoup injury
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Dual impacting of the brain into the skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds.
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21.43
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% of Intracranial contents
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Brain 80%
Cerebral blood 12% CSF 8% |
21.32
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S/s of increased intracranial pressure
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Early s/s include vomiting, headache, alter LOC, seizure. Later signs, increase HTN (with widening pulse pressure), bradycardia, and irregular respirations (Cushing's traid), plus a unilaterally unequal and nonreactive pupil, coma, and posturing.
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21.32
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Cushing's traid
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Hypertension (with a widening pulse pressure), bradycardia, and irregular respirations; classic trio of finding associated with increase intracranial pressure.
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21.43
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decorticate posturing
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Flexion of the arms and extension of the legs.
Remember to the core |
21.32-33
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decerebrate posturing
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Extension of the arms and legs.
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21.33
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diffuse vs focal brain injury
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Diffuse brain injury is an injury that affects the entire brain.
Focal brain injury is a specific, grossly observable brain injury (seen with CT). |
21.33
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retrograde amnesia
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A loss of memory relating to events that occured before the injury.
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21.33
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anterograde amnesia
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A loss of memory relating to events that occurred after the injury.
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21.33
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ET CO2 should be between
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30 and 40
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21.39
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Trauma bolus
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20mL/kg to maintain at least 90 systolic.
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21.39
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Thermal management of brain injuries
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Pts with brain injuries unlike shock, can develop a very high body temperature (hyperpyrexia), in turn cooking the brain. Do not cover the pt with blankets if the ambient temp is 70 degrees or higher.
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21.39
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Oozing brain
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If they are still alive, when you get to it cover it with sterile dressing that has been moistened with sterile saline.
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21.39
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When a patient tells you he has the "worst headache of his life," which type of intracranial hemorrhage should you suspect?
A: Subdural hematoma B: Epidural hematoma C: Subarachnoid hemorrhage D: Intracerebral hemorrhage |
C: Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Reason: page 21.35
Website paramedic.emszone.com |
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A _____________usually results from trauma to the temporal region of the skull and rupture of the middle meningeal artery.
A: Subdural hematoma B: Epidural hematoma C: Subarachnoid hemorrhage D: Intracerebral hemorrhage |
B: Epidural hematona
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Reason: page 21.34
Website paramedic.emszone.com |
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The minimum cerebral perfusion pressure required to adequately perfuse the brain is:
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60 mm Hg.
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Reason: page 21.32
Website paramedic.emszone.com |
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Normal ICP in adults ranges from:
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0-15 mm Hg.
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Reason: page 21.32
Website paramedic.emszone.com |
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The most common facial fracture involves the:
A: Nasal bones B: Maxilla C: Orbits D: Mandible |
A: Nasal bones
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Reason: page 21.15
Website paramedic.emszone.com |
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Injuries to which area of the brain may result in paresthesia, weakness, and paralysis of the extremities?
A: Cerebral cortex B: Cerebellum C: Diencephalon D: Brain stem |
A: Cerebral cortex
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Reason: page 21.12
Website paramedic.emszone.com |
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Thalamus
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Portion of the diencephalon responsible for processing sensory input, influencing moods, and controlling general body movement.
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workbook
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The brain consumes what percentage of body's total oxygen?
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~20%
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workbook
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Le Fort fractures
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Fractures of the maxillary classified into three categories.
Le Fort I Fx-A horizontal fx to the maxilla that involves the hard palate and inferior maxilla. Le Fort II Fx-A pyramidal fracture involving the nasal bone and inferior maxilla. Le Fort III Fx-A fx of all midfacial bones, separating the entire midface from the cranium. |
21.15
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