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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Study of how disease processes affect the function of the body |
Pathophysiology |
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Energy for cells which is created from a conversion of glucose and other nutrients in the mitochondria |
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Process by which glucose is converted into ATP |
Metabolism |
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Substances that, when dissolved in water, separate into charged particles whose movements enable electrical function of cells |
Electrolytes |
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3 important electrolytes |
Potassium, sodium, magnesium |
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Simple sugar obtained by foods we eat. Basic nutrient of cells. |
Glucose |
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Cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products |
Aerobic metabolism |
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Cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient manner with many waste products |
Anaerobic metabolism |
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2 waste products produced by anaerobic metabolism |
Carbon dioxide and lactic acid |
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How is carbon dioxide removed from the body? |
Exhalation |
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Body's response to increased carbon dioxide levels |
Increased respiratory rate |
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How does the body remove excess acid? |
Conversion to carbon dioxide and water |
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What occurs when the body is in an acidotic state? |
High levels of acid in the body affect hemoglobin (oxygen carrying molucles) causing less oxygen to be able to be transported. Tissues aren't able to be oxygenated, which creates more acid. Patient spirals down. |
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Process by which oxygen moves across the thin membrane from alveoli to capillaries |
Diffusion |
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Concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe |
FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) |
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Process by which air moves in and out of the body |
Ventilation |
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Process by which oxygen moves to cells ad carbon dioxide is removed |
Respiration |
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When oxygenated blood is delivered to body cells, this is called |
Perfusion |
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An airway which is open and clear/free from obstruction |
Patent |
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Volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing |
Tidal volume |
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Amount of air breathed in during each respiration x number of breaths per minute |
Minute volume |
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Air that occupies the space between the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange |
Dead air space |
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Portion of the brain which controls respiration |
Medulla oblongata |
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Space between lung tissue and chest wall |
Pleural space |
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Insufficient oxygen levels |
Hypoxia |
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High carbon dioxide levels |
Hypercapnia |
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Chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
Chemoreceptors |
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Normal respiration is triggered by |
Increased carbon dioxide levels |
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Pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of the blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream |
Plasma oncotic pressure |
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Pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel |
Hydrostatic pressure |
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Percentage of the blood made up of red blood cells |
45% |
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Percentage of blood made up of plasma |
54% |
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Percentage of blood made up of white blood cells and platelets |
1% |
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_______ pressure pulls in while _______ pressure pushes out. |
Plasma oncotic; Hydrostatic |
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The balance of plasma oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is critical to regulating ________ & ________ |
Blood pressure; Cell hydration |
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Most common blood dysfunctions relate to _________ |
Volume |
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Vessels which carry blood away from the heart |
Arteries |
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Vessels which carry blood toward the heart |
Veins |
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Vessels which (with one exception) carry oxygenated blood. What is the exception? |
Arteries. Pulmonary artery |
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Vessels which (with one exception) carry de-oxygenated blood. What is the exception? |
Veins Pulmonary veins |
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Tiny vessels which facilitate the transfer of oxygen between arterioles and venules |
Capillaries |
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Sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure and transmit messages to nervous system which triggers smooth muscle to adjust size |
Stretch receptors |
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Sympathetic nervous system effect on blood vessels |
Constrict |
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Parasympathetic nervous system effect on blood vessels |
Dilation |
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3 types of blood vessel dysfunction |
1) Loss of tone 2) Excessive permeability 3) Hypertension |
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Uncontrolled dilation of blood vessels |
Loss of tone |
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3 potential causes of excessive vessel permeability |
1) Sepsis 2) High altitude 3) Certain diseases |
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Pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system |
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) |
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Amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction |
Stroke volume |
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3 factors which determine stroke volume |
1) Preload 2) Contractility 3) Afterload |
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Amount of blood which is returned to the heart prior to its contraction |
preload |
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Force of the heart when it squeezes |
Contractility |
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How much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood out into the system |
Afterload |
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The greater the filling of the heart, the ________ the stroke volume |
Greater |
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The more forceful the heart muscle squeezes, the ____________________ the stroke volume |
Greater |
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The greater the pressure in the cardio system, the __________ the stroke volume |
Lower |
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Amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute. Formula by which it is calculated. |
Cardiac output heart rate x stroke volume |
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3 ways in which cardiac output could decrease |
1) Slowing heart rate 2) Decreasing stroke volume 3) Increasing heart rate to very fast rate (180+ in adults) which limits filling of the heart |
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2 categories of heart dysfunction |
1) Mechanical 2) Electrical |
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3 types of mechanical heart dysfunctions |
Physical trauma (ex-bullet holes/stab wounds); Squeezing forces (ex-compression due to bleeding inside pericardial sac; Loss of cardiac muscle function from cell death (ex-heart attack) |
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2 types of electrical heart dysfunctions |
Unorganized rhythms (ex-ventricular fib.); Rate problems (tachycardia/bradycardia) |
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Ratio which implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
V/Q match (ventilation/perfusion match) |
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Supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries |
Perfusion |
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Inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life threatening condition. |
Hypoperfusion/shock |
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4 categories of shock |
1) Hypovolemic 2) Distributive 3) Cardiogenic 4) Obstructive |
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What happens in the body during hypovolemic shock and causes for this type of shock |
Too little blood volume leads to reduced pressure in the cardiovascular system. Without adequate pressure, the heart has great difficulty pumping blood and cells become hypoperfused. Oxygen-carrying capacity is also reduced, furthering oxygen deficit in cells. CAUSES: Blood loss (as in severe bleeding) Volume portion of blood is lost (dehydration) |
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What happens in the body during distributive shock and causes for this type of shock |
Blood vessel tone is lost. Smooth muscle in vessels loses ability to maintain a normal diameter. Low blood pressure leads to hypoperfusion. CAUSES: Anaphylaxis Sepsis |
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What happens in the body during cardiogenic shock and causes for this type of shock |
Heart fails in its ability to pump blood. Hypoperfusion occurs when heart can no longer maintain pressure and blood fails to be pumped to cells. CAUSES: Myocardial infarction or trauma which can lead to an electrical or mechanical problem |
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What happens in the body during obstructive shock and causes for this type of shock |
Blood flow is physically prevented due to a blockage. Large quantities of blood are prevented from reaching essential organs and vital areas. This leads to hypoperfusion. CAUSES: Tension pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism |
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6 signs/symptoms of compensated shock |
1) Slight mental status changes including anxiety and feeling of impending doom 2) Increased heart rate 3) Increased respiratory rate 4) Delayed capillary refill time 5) Pale skin that is cool and moist to touch (diaphoresis) 6) Sweating |
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Physiology of why compensatory measures eventually fail in shock patients |
Muscles are working harder to compensate and this requires more energy and oxygen. As the body is not perfusing properly, oxygen levels are low and the body is in a state of anaerobic metabolism which does not produce enough energy. More waste products are produced and blood cells are able to carry even less oxygen. |
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Signs/symptoms of decompensated (hypotensive) shock |
Decreased blood pressure Altered mental status |
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Condition in which inadequately perfused organ systems begin to die and patient death commonly follows. |
Irreversible shock |
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_____% of the body is made up of water |
60 |
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3 spaces in the body into which water is distributed and percentages of each |
1) Intracellular (inside cells)--70% 2) Intravascular (in bloodstream)--5% 3) Interstitial (between cells & blood vessels)--25% |
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2 ways in which we regulate the levels of water in our body |
1) Drinking fluids 2) Making/excreting urine |
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3 ways in which fluid is distributed within the body |
1) Brain and kidneys regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid 2) Large proteins in blood plasma pull fluid into bloodstream 3) Permeability of cell membranes & walls of capillaries help determine how much water can be held in and pushed out of cells and blood vessels |
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Ways in which pediatric patients compensate differently for shock than adults |
Greater reliance on heart rate and less on increases in contractility. Signs of shock and compensation can be more subtle than for adults |
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Abnormally low amount of water in the body |
Dehydration |
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Potential causes of dehydration
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Decreased fluid intake; Significant loss of fluid from the body--severe vomiting, diarrhea; Rapid breathing; Profuse sweating; Loss of plasma due to burns |
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Swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space |
Edema |
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Locations in which edema is most likely to be seen |
Dependent areas--hands, feet, legs |
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Almost all body functions are regulated by these 2 body parts |
Brain Spinal cord |
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Signs of neurologic impairment |
Altered mental status; Seizures; Inability to speak or difficulty speaking; Visual or hearing disturbance; Inability to walk or difficulty walking; Paralysis (sometimes limited to one side); Weakness (sometimes limited to one side); Loss of sensation (sometimes limited to one side or area of the body); Pupil changes |
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2 major organs of the endocrine system |
Kidneys Brain |
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2 categories of endocrine system disorders |
1) Too many hormones 2) Not enough hormones |
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3 most common digestive system disorders |
1) Nausea 2) Vomiting 3) Diarrhea |
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3 serious conditions which nausea and vomiting may be signs of |
1) Acute MI 2) Stroke 3) Brain injury |
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Exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance |
Hypersensitivity |
