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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Competition
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Mutually negative interaction among organisms caused by joint consumption of limited resources
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Intraspecific Competition
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Competition among individuals of same species
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Interspecific Competition
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Competition among individuals of different species
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Exploitation Competition
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Individuals interact with resource to use it before others can access it
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Interference Competition
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Individuals interact with each other
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Direct Conflict
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Individuals take resources from others...Form of interference competition
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The 14 species of finches Darwin described from the Galapagos Islands are an example of what type of competition
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Interspecific Competition
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How did the morphology of the beak finches relate to resource use?
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The beak sizes were similar when the species were isolated, but differed when they co-occured.
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What does the competitive exclusion principle state
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Complete competitors cannot co-exist.
Co-existing species must differ in their ecological niches. |
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What is a niche?
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N-Dimensional hypervolume of all N environmental conditions needed by a species to survive
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What is the purpose of competition models
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To describe and predict competitive outcomes.
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Logistic population growth for intraspecific competition
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dN/dt=Nr(K-N)/K
K resource availability N resource use |
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Lotka-Volterra Competition
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dN1/dt=N1r1(K1-N1-alpha12N2)/K1
alpa=competition coefficient *effect of species 2 on species 1 |
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Lotka-Volterra Competition Model is for what type of competition?
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Interspecific Competition(between 2 species)
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In the Lotka-Volterra competition model how does alpha represent the niche?
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If alpha is high then there is much miche overlap!
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Niche shift
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Where a competitor is absent
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Exploitation
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An interaction that benifits one organism and harms another
Predation and Parasitism Exploitation Competition |
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How can exploitation competition become negative for both organisms
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If it leads to interference competition
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How do predator-prey interactions change populations
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They can lead to cyclical change in the populations of both predator and prey
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What are two characteristics of predator population
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1. Lag time after changes in prey populations
2. Smaller than prey populations |
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Give an example of a predator-prey cycle
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The lynx and snowshoe hare
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Bottom-up control
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through changes in physical factors and producers at bottom of food web
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Top-Down Control
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through changes in populations of top predators
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Symbiosis
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Two species that live in close physical contact
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Mutualism
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mutually benificial
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Commensalism
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One organism benifits and the other does not.
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Parasitism
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One benifits and the other is harmed
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Parasites
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Consume part of prey(host), live with one or a few hosts(symbiosis)
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Parasitoid
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insect larva that consumes host(usually smaller than host)
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Pathogens
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May consume entire host (induce disease), live with one or a few hosts (symbiosis)
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Host specificity
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Restriction of parasite to a particular host
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Hyperparasites
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A parasite that infects parasites
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List examples of hyperparasites
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Apicomplexa, Echinodermata, and Platyhelminthes
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Macroparasite
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Seen by naked eye and does not multiply in the host
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Microparasites
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Not detected by naked eye and multiplies within host (often pathogen)
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Definitive Host
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Where reproduction occurs
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Ectoparasite
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present outside of host
ex. Ticks, mites, parasitic plants |
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Endoparasite
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Inhabit inside of hosts
ex. tapeworms, bacteria, protists |
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Homeotherms
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Organisms that maintain relatively constant body temperature.
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How are the effects of a parasite influenced by the strength of the competitor
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Stronger effects on stronger competitors
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Red Queen Hypothesis
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1. Hosts constantly must evolve to fight off parasites
2. Parasites evolve to exploit resources(hosts) 3. Failure to keep up results in extinction |
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Coevolution
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Where the selection to evolve is caused by the other species and vice versa
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Equation to describe how parasites are transmitted
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dI/dt=BSI-dI
I=pop size of infected individuals S=pop size of susceptible individuals B= transmission coefficient d=death rate |
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Threshold Density
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ST=d/B
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When S is greater than ST
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Parasite Spreads
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When S less than ST
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It declines
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Enslaver parasites
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alter behavior of host to increase reproduction... demise of host but increase in parasite dispersal
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Mutualism
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Interaction among species that benefits all partners
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Facultative Mutualism
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Partners able to survive without each other
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Obligate Mutualism
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Partner depend on each other for survival
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List the three major impacts of mutualism
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1. Enhance Biodiversity
2. Increase Individual Abundance per unit area 3. Increase efficiency of nutrient cycling |
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Give an example of how mutualism enhances biodiversity
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There are 28 species of anemonefishes and only 10 species of giant anemones
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Give an example of how mutualism increases individual abundance per unit area
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Fishes living among sea urchin spines
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Give an example of how mutualism increases efficiency of nutrient cycling
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alga inside fungus=lichins
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What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis, and who originated it?
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Mordern eukaryotes originated as mutualism between prokaryotes and modern eukaryotes. Lynn Margulis
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List three benifits associated with mutualism
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1. Nutrition
2. Dispersal 3. Defense |
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Is pollination considered mutualsim?
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Yes. Insect recieves nutrition benifits while plant is aided in dispersal.
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Long-Tongued moths and orchids with necter spurs provide evidence for what?
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Enhanced biodiversity due to mutualism.
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What are mycorrhiza, and what are the benifist of it?
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Association between plant root and soil fungus. Enhances plants ability to gain phosphorus, and fungi's access to sugar.
Ex. Western Wheatgrass |
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What is the benifit of mycorrhiza to plants?
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Able to gain more phosphorus, giving a higher leaf water potential, more efficient at extracting water.
Ex, Big Bluestem Grass |
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Accia trees and ants are an example of what?
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Mutualism... ant gets extrafloral nectar and lipids in Beltian Bodies. Also lives in spines for defense. Plants grow faster and survive better with ants...Defense and Nutrition.
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Rumen
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Large chamber that aids in fermentation of cud(rumination) with help of bacteria and protists ...Cecum too!
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What is an example of a human-bird mutualism?
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Greater Honeyguide and Humans... HoneyBadger may have evolved too!
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Commensalism
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Benefits one species but has no effect on the other
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What commensal species provide shelter for other organisms?
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Beavers, Gopher Tortoise, Eyelash Mites, Pearlfish and sea cucumber anus
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Community
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Group of species that co-occur and interact with each other
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Community Structure
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Number of co-occuring species, their types, and relative abundance
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Guild
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Species that use similar resources in similar ways
ex. granivores, insectivores |
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Life Form (growth form)
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Species with similar structure and growth dynamics
ex. tree, shrub, grass |
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What is a lognormal distribution of species abundance?
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Some Rare, Most Moderate, Some Abundant
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Species Richness
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Number of species present
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Species Evenness
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Relative abundance of individuals of each species
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Shannon Diversity Index
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Combines number of species ans their relative abundance
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Rank abundance Curves
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Plot relative abundance against abundance of each species
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How does species diversity change with environmental complexity
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Increased diversity with increased complexity
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MacArthur studied what?
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How warbler diversity increases with increased vegetation stature
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What is the correlation of nutrients and diversity in the rainforest
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Negative correlation. Nutrients allow for competitive exclusion!
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Disturbance
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Discrete punctuated killing discplacement or damaging one or more individuals that directly or indirectly creates ans opportunity for new individuals to be established
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Give abiotic and biotic examples of disturbance
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Biotic...Disease, humans, predation
Abiotic...fire hurrincanes ice storms |
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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
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High and Low levels of disturbance reduce diversity
ex. algae and inverts on boulders in intertidal zone, prairie dogs |
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What is an example of human disturbance fostering diversity
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chalk grasslands of europe
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Food Web
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Description of feeding relations among organisms in all or part of community
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Keystone Species
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Rare species with dominant effect on community structure
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Food Web
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Description of feeding relations among organisms in all or part of community
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Foundation species
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abundant species that dominate community structure
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Keystone Species
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Rare species with dominant effect on community structure
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Trophic Cascade
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Top-Down effect of consumer on lower trophic levels through intermediate species
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Ecosystem
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Combined physical, chemical, and biotic components of an environment
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Foundation species
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abundant species that dominate community structure
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Ecosystem Ecology
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Study of the flow of energy water and nutrients through ecological communities
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Trophic Cascade
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Top-Down effect of consumer on lower trophic levels through intermediate species
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Total biomass produced by all autotrophs
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Gross Primary Production...Net primary production
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Ecosystem
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Combined physical, chemical, and biotic components of an environment
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total amt of water that evaporates each year
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Annual actual evapotranspiration
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Ecosystem Ecology
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Study of the flow of energy water and nutrients through ecological communities
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Total biomass produced by all autotrophs
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Gross Primary Production...Net primary production
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total amt of water that evaporates each year
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Annual actual evapotranspiration
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