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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the functional hierarchy of the brain in terms of its layering.
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Neocortex (most superior): abstract/concrete thought
Brainstem (most inferior): BP, HR, Body Temp |
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In what order does myelination occur?
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Motor and sensory before birth; completed by 1 year post-partum
Prefrontal cortex not fully myelinated until near adolescence |
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What is synaptic sculpting?
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In first 8 months of life there's an explosive increase in synapses.
Reach an overproduction of synapses followed by a pruning phase. |
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What is a critical period?
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Times during which a set of signals (via minimal stimulation, i.e., experiences) must be present for neural systems to differentiate normally
Must experience vision and hearing early on for visual/auditory pathways to occur |
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Michael Meaney's Mice:
Stress Resistant vs Stress Sensitive Phenotypes Effect of Cross-Fostering (and mechanism) |
Stress Resistant: high glucocorticoid receptor [ ] in hippocampus; high licking up pups
Stress Sensitive: low GR [ ] in hippocampus; low licking of pups Stress Sensitive Pups raised by Stress Resistant pups went on to be Stress RESISTANT and vice versa Licking reduces methylation of GR gene in hippocampus (turns gene on) and receive HPA negative feedback Lack of licking-->GR gene in hippocampus remains methylated (and turned on); exaggerated HPA response |
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Business Talk vs Non-Business Talk:
Definition Effect on Stanford Binet (IQ) |
Business Talk: Commands (eat your green beans)
Non-Business Talk: Chit chat, praise (can you find a red sock? great job) Stanford Binet (IQ) correlates highly with non-business talk |
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Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) score (childhood stress) effect on health.
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Where ACE = physical, sexual, emotional abuse; physical or emotional neglect; household mental illness, substance abuse, divorce, domestic violence or incarceration
As ACE score increases, risk of health probelsm increases in a graded fashion (EtOH, COPD, ischemic heart dz, depression, fetal death, liver dz, smoking, suicide, intimate partner violence, STDs) |
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Effect of paternal stress on child's DNA.
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Paternal stress-->increased methylation throughout child's genome
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Benefits of high-quality pre-K on childhood development.
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Lower rates of special education and grade retention
Increased high school completion Higher Test Scores Fewer behavioral problems More self-control Improved peer relations Less child maltreatment and neglect Inc'd earning and tax revenues |
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Developmental Milestones:
Newborn 2 Months 4 Months 6 Months 9 Months 12 Months 15 Months |
Newborn: symmetric tone and movement, flexed posture, complete head lag; alert to sound; suckling
2 months: LIfts head and shoulders in prone; regards face or object attentively, peaks of crying at 6-8 weeks 4 Months: Incomplete head lag; good head control in sitting; coos responsively (ooo, aaa, eee); smiles responsively 6 Months: No head lag; reaches with raking grasp--both hands; babbles (vowel-consonants); stranger anxiety 9 Months: Sits well alone (without help); jargons/jabbers; finger feeds self, plays pat-a-cake 12 Months: Pulls to stand, takes few steps alone; jargons/jabbers; points to indicate wants 15 months: stoops and recovers; walks well, stands alone; Specific language (mama, dada); gives and takes a toy, imitates home activities |
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Developmental milestones of Toddlers:
General |
Skills in language, socialization (which predict cognitive development)
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Developmental Milestones:
18 Months 24 Months 36 Months 4 Years 5 Years |
18: WALKS WELL independently, points to desired object, feeds self w/spoon
24: Kicks ball, jumps; COMBINES 2 WORDS; removes clothes 36: Broad jumps; pedals a tricycle; Speech >50% intelligible, simple adjectives (cold, tired) 4 years: Balances on 1 foot; asks questions (why? when?), speech fully intelligible; pretend play 5 years: speaks in full sentences; good grammar; able to separate from parents for several hours at a time |
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What incorrect assumptions do adults often make about babies?
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Adults UNDERESTIMATE infant responsiveness:
Many believe babies (6 mo and younger) have no long-term memory and will not suffer long-term effects from witnessing violence Most believe children younger than 3 y/o can be depressed Most adults OVERESTIMATE cognitive level of young children: 15 m/o should be expected to share toys |
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Why limit a child's TV time?
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Obscures distinction between reality and fantasy
Trivializes sex and sexuality Takes away time from talking and building relationships |
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What are the 5 Rs of early childhood education?
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Reading (daily and together)
Rhyming (playing, cuddling!) Routines Rewards (Praise) Relationships |
