Drugs 101 Midterm 2

Front 1

Early endurance enhancement with "dope", what were used?

Back 1

caffeine, cocaine, alcohol, nitroglycerine(vasodilator, +heart rate), strychnine(rat poison, stimulant)

Front 2

The guy first used strychnine in 1904 olympics marathon, and won it, although he almost died.

Back 2

Hicks.

Front 3

How was adrenaline as stimulant drug? what sport is it ideal for?

Back 3

not ideal due to short duration time and requires IV injection.
It's ideal for boxing.

Front 4

Two types of stimulant used in WWII. What did the ally and Germans each use?

Back 4

Amphetamine: decongestant, also makes you sleepless and fearless. The allies used it as part of their airforce.
Methamphatamine: Germans used for blitzberg.

Front 5

First two cyclist in history to die due to performance enhance drug amphatamine.

Back 5

Jensen: rome olympic.
Tom Simpson: tour de france

Front 6

From nervous system point of view, which nervous system does amphatamine work on?

Back 6

Sympathetic: fight or flight

Front 7

Charles Éduard Brown-Séquard:

Back 7

injected dog testicle for enhancing sex. applied doctrine of signatures (more detailed: Similia similibus). He got the idea right: internal secretions-Hormones

Front 8

which professors are known to isolate testosterone?

Back 8

Koch and McGee

Front 9

Before the Soviets put testosterone (steroid) in heavy use, what were its other uses?

Back 9

for inmate rehab (concentration camp survivors).
Also for race horses

Front 10

Who was Dr. John Ziegler?

Back 10

American learned the uses of anabolic steroids from the soviets, he reengineered testosterone to get rid of the androgenic effects.

Front 11

Testosterone has two uses: anabolic(for growth), and also androgenic, what are some androgenic effects?

Back 11

body and facial hair, heavy brow, vocal cords, acne, increased sex drive, testicle shrinkage, clitoral enlargement.

Front 12

Who's the director of medicine, in charge of the east german swimming team? approximately when was steroids banned?

Back 12

Hoppner, 1980

Front 13

What does GC/MS work?

Back 13

GC sort molecules based on retention time, while MS checks the exact mass of the molecule, and produce a distinct pattern for each molecule (KEYWORD: fingerprint)

Front 14

what's the more common way of measuring steroid level for the olympic committee?

Back 14

by measuring the ratio of two substances in the body

Front 15

If testosterone to epitestosterone ratio is more than 4:1, the person is definitely something. How can the person beat the test (specific term involved)?

Back 15

By masking, or inject epistestosterone in the body to bring the ratio down.

Front 16

define masking by diuretics

Back 16

beat the steroid test by increase urine production, which dilutes the testosterone level.

Front 17

how does isotope helps to find out if a player used steroids or not?

Back 17

the modern source of steroid is often from mexican yam, a plant source which its C13:C12 ratio is higher than than 1:99 (more C13)

Front 18

3 health risk of steroids

Back 18

liver damage
heart damage
reproductive

Front 19

nick name of Tetrahydragestrinone? what does it do? What's the name of the company that produces it?

Back 19

"The Clear", it is a designer steroid to avoid detection.
Company name is BALCO: bay area laboratory cooperative

Front 20

what sport did blood doping begin? approximately when was it banned?

Back 20

USA cycling, 1985

Front 21

recombinant erythropoietin (EPO): what is it, how is it manufactured?

Back 21

it's a hormone (hormone) that controls red blood cell synthesis. can be used in any disease that requires blood transfusion. It's inserted into bacteria or yeast, and grown from it (recombinant protein).

Front 22

athlete died from heart attack from using recombinant EPO because of its?

Back 22

improper dosage used, which the blood became too thick with RBC, and causes heart attack.

Front 23

How to test if someone doped with recombiant EPO? what's the keyword?

Back 23

collect blood sample and centrifuge, and look at the HEMATOCRIT (the level of RBC, which would go to the bottom).

Front 24

What's the new way of testing for recombinant EPO? specifically what are the ON and OFF methods?

Back 24

using antibodies. test urine, and if high, confirm with blood test.
ON model: immediate use, measures ratio of Hb, EPO and soluable transferin factor.
OFF model: longer use (2-3 weeks): measures Hb, EPO and Reticulocyte.

Front 25

What is gene therapy and how could you use it as a performance enhance drug?

Back 25

insert gene into human by a virus. could be used for EPO gene. The only successful case of this the the bubble boy case.

Front 26

Top 5 disease in WWII

Back 26

STD, typhus, malaria, cholera, flu

Front 27

2 early theories of disease, who were they disproved by?

Back 27

spontaneous generation (disease created by God), disproved by Redi.
miasma theory (bad smell), disproved by Snow.

Front 28

What is pasturization by louis pasteaur:

Back 28

heat food to high temp to kill bacteria, then cool down to remove flavour.

Front 29

Significance of Gram Stain:

Back 29

different types of bacteria have different chemical compositions, which they could have different compositions from us.

Front 30

First idea of antibiotics: what dye did Erlich come up with?

Back 30

Trypan red: trypanosome is a microbe that can be dyed red. trypan red is a dye that binds to bacteria. He modified the dye to contain arsenic, which then is a poison to bacteria.

Front 31

salvarsan 606, developed by Erlich: what it's made from and it treats for?

Back 31

salv = safe. arsan=arsenic.
used to treat syphylis.
lots of side effect

Front 32

prontosil: also a dye, widely used antibiotic. why does it only work in vivo?
what type of drug is this?
does it work on Gram positive or negative bacteria?

Back 32

1. Prontosil only works in vivo in humans, as it is converted to sulfanilmide (caused the creation of FDA).
2.It's a type of sulfa drug.
3. Gram positive.

Front 33

How does Sulfa drug work? what enzyme does it bind to stop its activity?

Back 33

they do not kill bacteria but are bacteriastatic (stabilize bacteria growth while give your immune system time). It works by mimmic other substance which as it binds to dihydropteroate synthase, the enzyme becomes non functional.

Front 34

Penicillin:
two discoverers:
Place of mass production:
method of mass production

Back 34

Flemming: original discoverer
Florey and Chain: isolated penicillin, did the key experiment.
United States, Illinois
Merck Production Method

Front 35

What are Dianobol and Stanozolo?

Back 35

first generation anabolic steroids made.

Front 36

What antibiotic celphalosporin related to? its mechanism?

Back 36

penicilin. has beta lactam ring that inhibits bacteria cell wall synthesis.

Front 37

how does streptomycin work? what other drug is related to it?

Back 37

stops protein synthesis by acting on ribosome. a related drug is tetracycline.

Front 38

What type of drug is Quinlone? how does it work?
an example of Quinlone?

Back 38

antibiotic,
prevents DNA from unwinding + replicating.
ciproFLOXACIN

Front 39

what is Quinlone drugs notoriously known for

Back 39

bacteria can easily develop resistance to Quinlone drugs.

Front 40

What are MRSA,Necrotizing fasciitis, and Clostridium difficile.

Back 40

All are strains of bacteria that develop resistance to antibiotics.
MRSA is the general type, subtype Necrotizing fasciitis gives the flesh eating disease.
Clostridium difficile cause antibiotic resistance related diahrea.

Front 41

Rank the following 4 disease in terms of leading cause of death caused by smoking:
cancer, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, chronic lower respiratory disease.

Back 41

1. heart disease.
2. cancer
3. cerebrovascular
4. respiratory.

Front 42

What is the bonsack machine?

Back 42

does the mass production of cigarettes

Front 43

What does Flue-Curing do in terms of cigarettes?

Back 43

Makes the smoke from cigarettes less harsh. so it's easier to smoke them.

Front 44

true or false
toxicity = risk x exposure
if false, what's the correct formula

Back 44

false: risk = toxicity x exposure

Front 45

what neurotransmitter does nicotine mimick? what neurotransmiter does it release to make smoking so addictive?

Back 45

acetocholine

dopamine.

Front 46

safer cigarette alternatives:
eclipse
accord
describe them

Back 46

eclipse uses charcoal at the end, which burns cleaner.
accord uses battery to release nicotine.

Front 47

what does the alternative to smoking "Chantix" contain? how does it work?

Back 47

Chantix contains varenicline. varenicline is a modified form of cytisine, which it mimmicks the effect of nicotine.

Front 48

what is CD4 and CD8 cells? what are their respective functions?

Back 48

CD4 is helper T cells, while CD8 is killer T cell.
CD8 recognizes the viral protein fragments on cell surface, specifically, MHC receptors, and kills the infected cell. CD4 sends the signal to kill the cell, and is acted as a backup system.

Front 49

What is the purpose of memory cells.

Back 49

it allows you to generate an IMMEDIATE, specific response soon the invader is seen.

Front 50

Who developed the first cow pox vaccine? what's the official name of small pox?how does cow pox work?

Back 50

Edward Jenner.
It's a weaker version of the Variola virus, which it works by attenuation.

Front 51

What's Pasteaur's contribution in vaccine?

Back 51

attenuation: heating virus to weaken it.
introduced the booster shot.

Front 52

What are the two types of polio vaccines? how do they work?

Back 52

Salk vaccine: dead virus, injected + booster shot, defective batch which caused its unpopularity.
Sabin vaccine: attenuated virus (alive, but weaken), oral, no booster, more popular.

Front 53

What is theWakefield study relating to vaccines?

Back 53

fake study tried to associate vaccine with autism.

Front 54

What does thiomersal preservative of the vaccine contains? is it safe?

Back 54

it contains mercury, and it's safe.

Front 55

What is a vaccine adjuvant? what was it made of, now?

Back 55

an additive that allows a stronger immune response, which no longer requires booster shot.
originally it's made from alum (inorganic), then made from oil, now it's made from squalene

Front 56

What is the new generation of vaccine?
how is it made?
give an example. hint: it's for cervical cancer

Back 56

recombinant vaccine: it's recombinant protein of the virus (CAPSID) that was grown in yeast.
example would be: Guardisil, Hepatitis B.

Front 57

Does AIDS affect:
0.05%
0.1% of the adults on Earth.
1%
10%

Back 57

1%

Front 58

What are the 3 phases of AIDS?

Back 58

1. accute phase - fever
2. chronic phase-settle down, but HIV is virulent and slowly killing CD4 cells.
3.AIDs phase: when most CD4 cells are compromised, which person will die to secondary infection.

Front 59

What's the world market per year in terms of drugs?
6 trillion
6 billion
60 billion
600 billion

Back 59

6 billion

Front 60

what's the canadian market for drugs per year?

5 billion, 20 billion, 100 billion, 200 billion.

Back 60

20 billion

Front 61

how many types of drugs are available on the Canadian market?
5000, 10000, 100,000, 1000

Back 61

5000

Front 62

The aids drug AZT works by preventing DNA synthesis of HIV virus. what method of development is this drug made from?

Back 62

Rational design: making drug one atom at a time.

Front 63

What is high throughput screening (HTS)?

Back 63

random testing reagents vs microbes.

Front 64

What is a lead compound? Where is it found in?

Back 64

a positive hit from HTS (high throughput screen), which drugs are going to be optimized from this compound.

Front 65

What does the first efficacy test taken place? is it in vivo, or in vitro?

Back 65

Philipines, Panlabs, it runs test tube analysis, so in vitro.

Front 66

The number of animals used for drug testing per year?
millions
hundred thousands
ten thousands
tens of millions

Back 66

tens of millions, 60,000,000 per year.

Front 67

What is a drug excipient?
what are fillers?

Back 67

non medical ingredient of a drug
Fillers is a type of excipient which it ensures accurate drug quantity.

Front 68

What's the difference between excipient stabilizer vs preservative?

Back 68

stabilizer protect drug against chemical degradation, such as atmosphere.
Preservative protects against biological degradation, such as bacteria, mold.

Front 69

What's the failure rate of Clinical trials for a drug?
20, 50, 80, 90%

Back 69

90%

Front 70

Describe the 3 phases of clinical trials in terms of the
1. number of people,
2. its purpose

Back 70

I. 100 healthy volunteers, safety only.
II. 100-300: safety + efficacy
III. 1000s: safety + efficacy + rare side effect.

Front 71

What is the nuremberg code? what are its 5 key aspects?

Back 71

ethics code, for medical testing, you require:
given consent, prior animal study, benefit>risk, qualified scientist, no suffering.

Front 72

What is the infamous Tuskgee study:

Back 72

infect syphilis to black men, and observe effect. denied them treatment even when penicilin came out.

Front 73

who discovered amphatamine, and what effect did he notice?

Back 73

Gordon Alles. He noticed it was an decongestant, and also make you sleepless

Front 74

Who was John Manson, what drug did he create?

Back 74

Worked with the prof. he created stanozolol, which Ben Johnson was found to be doped with.

Front 75

Ed Bruke in 1984 cycling, what did he do?

Back 75

he started the blood doping of the us cycling athletes.

Front 76

What type of sports did doping first use for? Endurance or Fast action?

Back 76

Endurance such as cycling and marathon.

Front 77

What's the first sport amphatamine used for? was it successful? What's the first sport it killed the athlete?

Back 77

100 m dash, not idea, as amphatmine is suitable for ENDURANCE activities. It first killed Jensen at cycling.

Front 78

Phases of aids, what came first, second and third?
chronic, acute, aids phase.

Back 78

acute
chronic
aids

Front 79

In the battle vs aids in the chronic phase, what determines the battle is lost?
depeltion of B cells
depletion of CD4 cells
Depletion of CD8 cells

Back 79

Depletion of cd 4 cells.