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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the reliable sources to learn about drugs
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Pharma sites
Government sites (FDA, Health Canada) University websites Scientific journals |
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Life expectancy in Canada (2009)
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81.2 years (ranked 8th in the world)
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What was life expectancy through history?
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30-35 years (from 500,000 yrs ago until the 1850s)
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What were the main causes of death in 1900 compared to 2004?
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1990: pneumonia, TB, influenza
2004: Heart disease, cancer, strokes, lower respiratory infection, traffic accidents, diabetes. |
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What are the five main reasons for improved health?
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1. Improved sanitation
2. Clean drinking water 3. Refrigeration 4. Vaccination 5. Antibiotics |
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What has most improved population health in history?
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Vaccination and antibiotics
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Improved sanitation?
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Lice were common, infrequent showers, over populated living areas allowed quick spread of disease.
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Clean drinking water?
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Water sources weren't filtered and used from lakes and rivers, which were often filled with dangerous bacteria (ex. guinea worm).
A major improvement was chlorination (kills bacteria). |
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Guinea worm cycle
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A guinea worm (also called water flea) is a worm that penetrates the body through water, multiply and grow in the body. They multiply by releasing larvae into abdominal tissues, where they mate. When they grow, female worms can grow up to 3 feet long, and can move through the body. About a year later, the worm emerges from a blister and releases enzymes that are very painful to the humans. Often, people immerse the area where they had their blister in water (for example, if the blister is on the heel on your foot, the secreted enzymes will be very painful, and you will immerse your feet in the water. When you put the blister in the water, the worm goes out of your blister and into the water, and re-infests the water.
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Refrigeration?
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Past refrigeration technology: underground ice houses
Today's refrigeration technology: Long term food storage for any type of food, anytime of year |
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Vaccination?
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Prevents that you get a virus/disease in the first place.
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Which virus was the first to be eliminated?
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Smallpox. If born before 1972, you may have a smallpox vaccine scar
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Polio?
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Eradicated from North america in '91. Currently less than 1000 cases world-wide because of political issues.
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Antibiotics?
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Used against bacterial infections (ex. penicillin)
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Penicillin?
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80% of antibiotics have Penicillin. Penicillin reduced maternal mortality.
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What's the market for prescription drugs?
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300 billion
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Market for OTC drugs?
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25 billion
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Why is the U.S. so influential for the world drug market?
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U.S. has 50% of the drug market. Most countries follow the FDA
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What are the two types of medical treatment and what are they?
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Surgical: removal or modification of affected body part. (Removal is traditional and modification is modern)
Medicinal: Use of chemical compounds to treat disease |
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What's the difference between drugs and poison?
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Drugs: beneficial bio effect
Poison: harmful bio effect The difference is the dose |
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True or false, low doses produce beneficial effects (drug) and high doses produce harmful effects (poison)?
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false. Sometimes if we take a dose too low in a drug it can produce a harmful effect and sometimes if we have to take a high dose to have a beneficial effect. Ex. insulin is taken in a low dose its dangerous, and if its taken in a higher dose it’s better. Ex. girl who died from water contest
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What are the two ways drugs were discovered and what's the difference between them?
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1. Observation and experiment: observation of the effect of a drug. Gave small doses of a strong drug.
2. Philosophy: cure by reasoning/belief (connected with superstition, religion and magic). Was often harmful. |
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What is Ebers Papyrus
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Egyptian medical papyrus dating to c. 1550 BC. Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt. It described hundread of different plants and uses for healing.
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What is De Materia Medica?
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Latin medical term for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance used for healing (i.e., medicines). Written by Dioscorides.
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What's QUinine and what was it used for?
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One of the places quinine can be found is in some kinds of barks or wood from Peru. From wikipedia: Quinine was the first effective treatment for malaria until the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs such as chloroquine that have fewer unpleasant side effects replaced it. It's in tonic water
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Issues with observation?
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Brain searches for absent patterns
Anecdotal evidence is unreliable (effect of a drug may be coincidence) Once evidence is available, it's hard to contradict it. |
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What's apophenia?
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Seeing patterns or connection in random/meaningless data. Ex. Jesus in toast
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What's pareuidolia
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Mistaking sounds/images (visual/auditory stimulus) for something else. ex. hearing messages on records when played in reverse.
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What's anecdotal evidence and how reliable is it?
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Evidence from anecdotes.
Unreliable, because of small and non-representative samples of typical cases and mostly relies on chance. ex. most neutraceuticals |
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Why are herbal remedies unreliable?
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The concentration may vary from plant to plant (strawberries)
Technique it's prepared impacts the drug (cooked carrots) No instructio (info passed verbally made it imprecise) |
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What did the doctrine of humors state and who made it up?
- 4 elements - 4 humors - cause of disease -Cure |
Doctrine of humors is by HIPPOCRATES
States that: - universe is made of 4 elements (earth, air, fire, water) - Body is made of 4 humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile), and the 4 humors are normally in balance - Too much or not enough of a humor causes disease - Diagnose using the properties of the humors - Cure by re-balancing the humors (ex. Fever associated with hot and dry, the cure using cold and wet) ex. bloodletting, purges, |
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What did the doctrine of Signatures state and who made it up
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Doctrine of signatures is by JAKOB BOHME
States that: - God left clues to tell us how to use things - Disease and cure were linked The doctrine of signatures was used from nearly all cultures. |
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Name a few false statements from the doctrine of signatures.
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- Walnuts are good for your brain because they look like one
- Boneset stems look like bones and pushes through leaves, and can be used for diesases and bone-related injuries. - Sharks don't have cancer because of their magical cartilage - Chlorophyll gives minty breath (reality:makes plants green) - Mandrake root cures demonic possession and other diseases because it looks human - Rhino horn stimulates sexual arousal |
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First anesthetic?
(Humphry Davy) |
Nitrous oxide (Sir Humphry Davy).
Kids use it today to get high off of whipped cream |
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Second anesthetic?
(William Morton) |
Ether (Wiliam Morton)
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What was the survival rate for surgeries and why?
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30%
- No sterilization (tools, surgeons, patients, environment) |
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First surgical antiseptic?
(Joseph Lister) |
Phenol or carbolic acid (Joseph lister).
He later on made the carbolic acid sprayer. It allowed to sterilize everything. The sprayer however ended up making the surgeons sick. |
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What was the issue with drugs in the 1800s? Which BS terms did they use?
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No regulation!!! And this allowed for dramatic increase of fraud in the 1800s.
Used terms like patented and scientifically proven |
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1st fraud example: Radithor. What's it's story?
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Radithor is a radioactive element that cured cancer, and people believed that it was able to make people that weren’t smart more intelligent. It was basically water, and the very radioactive substance radium. One of the people that used this treatment was Eben M. Byers. It turned out later on that radithor was very radioactive, and Eben M. Byers’s jaw had to be removed because of the high radioactivity. He later died because of this.
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What's the board of food and drug inspection?
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- Formed in 1906
- Required 1 thing: labeling (no safety tests, no regulation of claims) |
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2nd fraud example: Massengil company. What's it's story?
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- It's company that sold sulfanilamide (antibiotic). it wasn’t very popular to consumers because the taste. To solve this problem, they added diethylene glycol to the solid sulfanilamide, which made the elixir sulfanilamide.
- this liquid version was a poison, and when the messengil company began selling the elixir sulfanilamide many died - what they did wasn’t prohibited by the law - After much pursuit, they got caught because their product wasn't actually "an elixir" |
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What does the FDA do (4)?
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- Ensure the safety of drugs
- Animal testing was now required (safety only) - Clinical trials were done to follow safety in humans - Directions for proper use were required on the label |
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3rd "fraud" example: Thalidomide. What's it's story?
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Thalidomide, was a drug developed as a sedative, but it was dangerous for pregnant women, and caused severe birth defects, and was recognized as a teratogen.
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Name 3 modern safety standards
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- Safety testing done in at least 2 species (at least one must be a primate)
- Must show that the drug is bioavailable - Must use relevant doses |
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Genetically engineered drugs?
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- Safe source
- Facilitates drug discovery |
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How much does each new drug cost?
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800 million
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How many years does it take to develop a new drug?
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8 years
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What's the main source of drugs today?
Biologic, vaccines, natural product, semi sunthetic, or synthetic? |
54% of drugs are synthetic
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