Dna, Rna + Protein Synthesis

Front 1

Define gene

Back 1

Section of DNA that codes for protein, unit of inheritance

Front 2

Define gene expression

Back 2

The code of the gene is used to make protein

Front 3

Define chromosomes

Back 3

Structure in the nucleus composed of DNA + protein

Front 4

Back 4

Front 5

Define junk DNA (Non-coding DNA)

Back 5

Section of the chromosomes that doesn't code for a protein

Front 6

Scientists who discovered Structure of DNA

Back 6

Watson + Crick

Front 7

What does DNA stand for?

Back 7

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 8

Shape of DNA

Back 8

Double helix

Front 9

Nitrogenous Bases in DNA

Back 9

Adenine (A) - Thymine (T), Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)

Front 10

Purine Bases

Back 10

Adenine, Guanine

Front 11

Pyrimidine Bases

Back 11

Thymine, Cytosine

Front 12

Define Complementary Base Pairs

Back 12

Each base has a corresponding base. Bases attach to each other by hydrogen bonds

Front 13

Besides the nucleus, in what other cell structures can DNA be found in?

Back 13

Chloroplasts + mitochondria

Front 14

5 carbon sugar in DNA

Back 14

Deoxyribose

Front 15

Other than nitrogenous bases and sugars, what other structure makes up the DNA nucleotide?

Back 15

Phosphate

Front 16

Define DNA Replication

Back 16

The production of an identical copy of DNA in the nucleus

Front 17

In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA Replication occur?

Back 17

Interphase

Front 18

Draw + Describe DNA Replication

Back 18

Front 19

Label the broader perspective of DNA replication

Back 19

Front 20

Define DNA Profiling (Genetic Fingerprinting)

Back 20

Making a unique pattern of a person's DNA to compare with other DNA

Front 21

Applications of DNA Profiling

Back 21

- Crime Scenes (forensics)

e.g. blood, saliva, semen

- Paternity Tests

Front 22

Describe the process of DNA profiling

Back 22

1. Cells broken down to release DNA

2. DNA cut into fragments using restriction enzymes

3. Fragments separated based on size using gel electrophoresis

4. Patterns compared

Front 23

Define genetic screening

Back 23

Testing DNA for the presence (or absence) of a particular gene or altered gene

Front 24

What does RNA stand for?

Back 24

Ribonucleic acid

Front 25

RNA Bases

Back 25

Adenine - Uracil

Guanine - Cytosine

Front 26

Differences between RNA vs. DNA

Back 26

RNA: Single Strand, Contains Uracil, Found in nucleus, cytoplasm + ribosome, Can leave nucleus

DNA: Double strand, Contains Thymine, Found in Nucleus, Cannot leave nucleus

Front 27

Define Protein Synthesis

Back 27

Making of a protein in the ribosomes

Front 28

Structure of Protein

Back 28

Many amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

Front 29

Shape of Protein?

Back 29

Folded

Front 30

Define triplet/codon

Back 30

Sequences of 3 bases that code for 1 amino acid

Front 31

Function of DNA strand in Protein Synthesis

Back 31

Carries code to make protein

Front 32

Define transcription

Back 32

Copying of DNA code on to mRNA in the nucleus

Front 33

Where in the cell does Transcription occur?

Back 33

Nucleus

Front 34

Where in the cell does Translation occur?

Back 34

Ribosome

Front 35

What does m in mRNA stand for?

Back 35

Messenger RNA

Front 36

Composition of rRNA

Back 36

rRNA + protein

Front 37

Composition of tRNA

Back 37

Anti-codon + amino acid

Front 38

What does the t stand for in tRNA?

Back 38

Transfer

Front 39

What does r in rRNA stand for?

Back 39

Ribosomal

Front 40

Describe the process of Protein Synthesis

Back 40

1. DNA carries code to make protein

2. DNA unwinds + enzymes break bonds between bases

3. Transcription occurs (def) as RNA bases attach to complementary bases on one DNA strand

4. RNA polymerase bonds bases together to form mRNA

5. mRNA leaves nucleus + bonds with rRNA in ribosome. DNA strands in nucleus rewind into a double helix.

6. tRNA enters ribosome from cytoplasm

7. tRNA attaches to complementary mRNA codons - beginning at start codon, the series of codons in sequence that will form protein + stopping at stop codon

8. Translation (def) in ribosome occurs as ribosome bonds the amino acids together to form a protein

9. Protein folds into 3D globular shape to give it its function

Front 41

What bonds bases together during Protein Synthesis to form mRNA?

Back 41

RNA polymerase

Front 42

What breaks bonds between DNA bases?

Back 42

Enzymes

Front 43

Structure of mRNA

Back 43

Start codon, series of codons that code for particular protein, stop codon

Front 44

Define Translation

Back 44

The production of a protein using the code on RNA

Front 45

What must the protein do in order to function?

Back 45

Fold into 3D globular shape

Front 46

Types of RNA

Back 46

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 47

Function of mRNA

Back 47

- Involved in transcription (Copies DNA code in nucleus + carries it to ribosome, Attaches to rRNA)

Front 48

Function of rRNA

Back 48

- Forms ribosome

- Bonds with mRNA

Front 49

Function of tRNA

Back 49

- Involved in translation (Carries amino acids to the ribosome from cytoplasm, Binds to mRNA w/ complementary anticodon, places amino acids in sequence)

Front 50

Define allele

Back 50

Different forms of the same gene

Front 51

What controls characteristics?

Back 51

Pairs of alleles

Front 52

Define Locus

Back 52

The position of a gene on a chromosome

Front 53

Define Homozygous

Back 53

2 of the same in the pair, both capital or small

e.g. BB or bb

Front 54

Define Heterozygous

Back 54

2 alleles are different in the hairs

e.g. Bb

Front 55

Define Genotype

Back 55

Genetic makeup i.e. the genes present

e.g. Bb, BB or bb

Front 56

Define Phenotype

Back 56

Physical appearance e.g. brown hair

Front 57

Define Dominant

Back 57

If present, will always show in the phenotype

i.e. prevents recessive allele from working

e.g. B

Front 58

Define Recessive

Back 58

Prevented from working by dominant allele, only shows in phenotype if both alleles are recessive

e.g. bb

Front 59

Define F1 Progeny

Back 59

Offspring produced

Front 60

Only _______ allele for each ____________ enters ____________

Back 60

One, characteristic, gamete

Front 61

Define Punnett Square

Back 61

A grid used to show the ratio of genotypes of the progeny in a genetic cross

Front 62

Types of Genetic Crosses

Back 62

Monohybrid, Sex Determination, Incomplete Dominance, Dihybrid, Linked, Sex Linked

Front 63

Define autosomes

Back 63

Non-sex chromosomes

Front 64

Define sex chromosomes

Back 64

Chromosomes that determine the gender/sex of the individual

Front 65

Sex Chromosomes in Humans

Back 65

Females - XX
Males - XY

Front 66

Organisms that have sex chromosomes that are the opposite of humans

Back 66

Birds, butterflies and moths

Females - XY

Males - XX

Front 67

Define Incomplete Dominance in Genetic Crosses

Back 67

When neither allele prevents the other from working i.e. no dominant allele, heterozygous condition shows a different trait

e.g. Snapdragon Plants

RR - Red

rr - White

Rr - Pink

Front 68

Father of Genetics

Back 68

Gregor Mendel

Front 69

Medel's 1st Law

Back 69

Law of Segregation:

Inherited characteristics are controlled by a pair of alleles. These alleles separate at gamete formation w/ only one allele being found in each gamete

Front 70

Mendel's 2nd Law

Back 70

Law of Independent Assortment

When gametes are formed, either of a pair of alleles is equally likely to combine w/ either of another pair of alleles

(dihybrid crosses)

Front 71

Define Linkage in relation to genetic crosses

Back 71

Genes are located on the same chromosome i.e. they pass on together, they do not show independent assortment

Front 72

Why is linkage significant in genetic crosses?

Back 72

Independent assortment results in more variation than linked

Front 73

Define Sex Linkage

Back 73

Characteristic is controlled by a gene on the sex chromosome (X)

e.g. Colour blindness, haemophilia

Front 74

Why are males more likely to have traits such as colour-blindness, albinism and haemophilia?

Back 74

Males only have one allele for colour vision because the Y chromosome is shorter.

Front 75

Why is a boy guaranteed to have a trait such as colour-blindness, albinism and haemophilia if their mother had it?

Back 75

Males cannot be carriers

Front 76

Define Pedigree Studies

Back 76

Diagrams showing the genetic history of a group related individuals