Dna Is The Hereditary Material Chapter 19.3

Front 1

What is continuity of life

Back 1

A succession of offspring that share structural similarities with those of their parents

Front 2

What is DNA

Back 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid consisting of two strands of repeating units called nucleotides

Front 3

How do the two strands of the DNA run

Back 3

Anti-parallel to one another in a double helix

Front 4

What does each nucleotide contain

Back 4

A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Front 5

In DNA what is the sugar

Back 5

Deoxyribose

Front 6

In DNA what are four possible they nitrogenous bases

Back 6

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and, thymine

Front 7

What forms the backbone of the DNA

Back 7

The sugar and the phosphate

Front 8

What are base pairs

Back 8

They’re the nitrogenous bases that from each strand form pairs

Front 9

What are the complementary bases

Back 9

Adenine and thymine bond together

Cytosine and guanine bond together

Front 10

What are the two ends to every nucleotide or DNA strand

Back 10

The 5’ end and the 3’ end

Front 11

What is a purine

Back 11

It is consisting of two rings. adenine and guanine are purines

Front 12

What is a pyrimidine

Back 12

It is consisting of one ring and cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines

Front 13

What does a base pair always consist of

Back 13

One purine and one pyrimidine

Front 14

Where is information stored in DNA

Back 14

The information is stored in the sequence of nitrogenous bases. we focus only on one strand when looking at the sequence

Front 15

Humans have a proximately how many billion base pairs in each genome

Back 15

3 billion base pairs which codes for approximately 30,000 genes

Front 16

True or false gene codes for proteins are not traits directly

Back 16

True

Front 17

Joachim Hammerling discovered what

Back 17

That hereditary info is found within the nucleus. by experimentation he found that a cell without a nucleus dies but a cell with a nucleus can regrow

Front 18

True or false hereditary info is carried in the protein

Back 18

False

Front 19

Where can DNA be found

Back 19

In the nucleus and mitochondria. in plants can be found in the chloroplasts

Front 20

What is Endo symbiotic theory

Back 20

Eukaryotes originated from prokaryotes and absorbed specialized bacteria which later became the organelles. supporting evidence: double membrane’s, our own DNA, and reproduction

Front 21

What is RNA

Back 21

It is ribonucleic acid and is single stranded

Front 22

What is the sugar in RNA

Back 22

Ribose

Front 23

What does RNA have instead of thymine

Back 23

Uracil which is complementary to adenine

Front 24

What is RNA important for

Back 24

Expression and replication of DNA

Front 25

What are the different types of RNA

Back 25

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

Front 26

What are the DNA replication enzymes

Back 26

Helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

Front 27

What does helicase do

Back 27

It separates DNA strands and Breaks hydrogen bonds to unwind DNA

Front 28

What does RNA primase do

Back 28

It places the RNA primer

Front 29

What is DNA polymerase

Back 29

DNA polymerase III synthesizes complementary strands of DNA and also proofreads and corrects DNA

DNA polymerase I removes and replaces the RNA with DNA

Front 30

What is DNA ligase

Back 30

Joins DNA fragments together

Front 31

What is the replication fork

Back 31

The point at which the two original strands of DNA open

Front 32

What is the leading strand

Back 32

It is the new strand of DNA at a replication fork that is synthesizing continuously in the direction of the fork

Front 33

What is the lagging strand

Back 33

The new strand of DNA add a replication fork and that is synthesized in short fragments away from the fork

Front 34

What are the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand called

Back 34

Okazaki fragments and they are joined together by ligase

Front 35

How does DNA replication occur

Back 35

1. DNA helicase unwinds or opens the double helix

2. Proteins bind to the separated strands to keep them separate

3. RNA Primers are attached to the strands by RNA Primase

4. DNA polymerase III synthesizes new DNA strands adding nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction

5. DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

6. DNA ligase joins fragments of DNA together

This all occurs only at interphase S once

Front 36

What is transcription

Back 36

A section of information (a gene) is copied onto RNA (specifically mRNA/messenger RNA)

RNA polymerase creates a strand of mRNA using one of the DNA strands as a template called the template strand.

The template strand is also called the antisense strand. the other strand is called the non-template strand or the Sense strand

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA continuing to synthesize mRNA Until it reaches the end of the gene

Transcription stops, mRNA and RNA polymerase release from the DNA

The irony has segments of info we do need called exons and info we don’t need called introns

The introns are cut out and we are left with an mRNA molecule with only the info we need. this only occurs in eukaryotes

Now that the mRNA has been made it needs to be used to make a protein

The mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and finds a ribosome to synthesize a protein

Front 37

What is translation

Back 37

The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis

In the ribosome mRNA is read three units at a time called triplets or codons

Each Triplet matches up with its complementary triplet or anti-codon on a transfer RNA or tRNA

The tRNA has a particular amino acid attached which will transfer to the growing polypeptide

Front 38

OKazaki fragments are formed because DNA polymerase can only create a new strand of DNA from the ____ end to the ____ end

Back 38

5’ to 3’