Dna

Front 1

1928 Griffith

Back 1

Mouse studies, inject with bacteria

Front 2

1944 Avery, Macleod and McCarthy

Back 2

DNA can turn harmless bacteria into killer

Front 3

1952 Rosalind Franklin

Back 3

X ray diffraction shows helical structure of DNA

Front 4

1953 Watson and crick

Back 4

Published paper on complete double helix structure of DNA

Stole from Griffith

Front 5

Which 3 organelles contain DNA

Back 5

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast

Front 6

DNA structure

Back 6

Double stranded helix looks like twisted ladder

Each unit made of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone with nitrogen base “rungs” held together with covalent bonds = nucleotide

Inside is hydrophobic

Outside is hydrophilic

Front 7

Structure bases are divided into two types ..

Back 7

Purines (double ring structure) A & G

Pyrimidines (single ring structure) T & C

A&T bind, C&G bind

Front 8

Chargaffs rule

Back 8

Amount of adenine is equal to thymine

Amount of cytosine is equal to guanine

Front 9

Codon

Back 9

Group of 3 bases

Front 10

Differences between DNA and RNA

Back 10

Extra 02

T vs U

Double vs single stranded

Front 11

Translation

Back 11

Interpretation of mRNA to make proteins

mRNA attaches to ribosomes

tRNA brings amino acids (1 end reads triplet, the other attaches to amino acids)

Peptide bond is formed between amino acids, releasing tRNA

Front 12

What can we say about the genetic code ?

Back 12

Redundant : multiple codons can code for same amino acid

continuous: there are no spaces between codon, mistakes can compromise entire protein

universal: almost all organism build proteins with same codons and amino acids

Front 13

As amino acids are brought together, what forms between the amino acids ?

Back 13

Peptide bond

Front 14

What is a mutation

Back 14

A permanent change in genetic material of an organism

Somatic cells : mutations in non sex cells that are not passed in, can lead to cancer

Germ cells : mutations in reproductive cells, passed on from one generation to the next

Front 15

Three types of point mutations

Back 15

Substitution: one nucleotide for another

Insertions : extra base is slipped in

Deletion : a base is missing

Front 16

Types of substitution

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Missense : results in an altered protein (changes 1 protein)

Silent : has no effect on a cells metabolism

Nonsense : renders gene unable to code for a functional polypeptide

Front 17

Which two types of point mutations are frame shift ?

Back 17

Insertion and deletion

Front 18

Causes of mutations

Back 18

Mutations can be spontaneous (DNA polymerase incorrectly pairing nucleotides) or induced by a mutagen

Front 19

What are the two types of mutagens

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Physical : forcibly break a nucleotide sequence, causing random changes. ex. X rays

Chemical : enters cell nucleus and cause permanent change in genetic material by reacting chemical with DNA (nitrates)

Front 20

Is mutation always bad ?

Back 20

Sometimes can be beneficial (increases genetic variability)

If mutation occurs in a sperm or egg cell, it is passed on to every single cell in the embryo

Front 21

Genetic engineering

Back 21

The science of manipulating genes that carry hereditary information

Recombinant DNA

Cloning

Gene therapy

DNA fingerprinting

Front 22

Recombinant DNA

Back 22

DNA from the cell is removed and a piece is cut out. DNA then inserted into genome of another cell.

Once inserted, DNA will be replicated, transcribed and translated with the rest of organisms genome

Front 23

Tools for recombinant DNA

Back 23

Vectors : provide a means to get genes where you want them - viruses, bacteria and plasmids

Restriction enzymes : recognize specific sequences and cut out DNA into pieces with uneven ends (sticky ends)

Ligase : used to rejoin sticky ends of DNA cut with restriction enzymes

Front 24

Events of recombinant DNA

Back 24

Human DNA is cleaved by a specific type of restriction enzyme (this creates sticky ends) & the wanted gene is isolated

Plasma DNA is cleaved by the same restriction enzymes that creates sticky ends

Human DNA is sliced into a plasmid by the enzyme DNA ligase

Host cell takes recombined plasmid

Gene cloning occurs. The host cell will then transcribe a translate the cloned DNA to provide the wanted protein

Front 25

Applications

Back 25

Targeted gene expression- insert human genes into other organisms genome that cause some human traits to be expressed (insulin)

Gene therapy : providing fixed genes to people with faulty genes (vector only)

Biological warfare: insert harmful genes into harmless bacteria, transfer to food/water, mass infections with resistant bacteria

DNA fingerprinting: cute DNA is separated using gel electrophoresis. (Negatively charged DNA attached to positive)

Front 26

DNA is the only molecule that can duplicate itself. What does this allow the cells to do ?

Back 26

Divide and create more

Front 27

During replication, what happens to the hydrogen bonds that hold the base pairs together ?

Back 27

Being broken by helicase

Front 28

What are all proteins made of ?

Back 28

Polypeptides

Front 29

What are some examples that proteins are responsible for ?

Back 29

Structure, transport, and enzymes

Front 30

What is the functions of mRNA in protein synthesis ?

Back 30

Carry the coding sequence for protein synthesis and are called transcripts

Front 31

Once an mRNA strand has been created, where does it go ?

Back 31

From the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Front 32

Bioremediation

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Use of living cells for environmental remedies.

Ex. Bacteria to clean oil spills

Front 33

Primer

Back 33

Initiate replication

Front 34

Primer

Back 34

Initiate replication

Front 35

Ligase

Back 35

Glues fragments together

Front 36

Gene

Back 36

Functional sub unit of DNA that directs production of 1+ polypeptides

Front 37

Genome

Back 37

Sum of all DNA that is carried in each cell

Front 38

Genome

Back 38

Sum of all DNA that is carried in each cell

Front 39

tRNA

Back 39

Decodes and carry amino acids

Front 40

mRNA

Back 40

Carries sequence