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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is gel electrophoresis? |
Gelelectrophoresis is a technique that separates DNA molecules by size. Pieces of DNA are forced through a gel by electric currents. Larger pieces of DNA will havemore difficulty moving through the gel than smaller fragments. Thus largerfragments will move slower than larger fragments. This allows separation of alldifferent sizes of DNA fragments. The gel must then be stained or scanned toshow the results. |
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Why does gel electrophoresis work? |
DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate groups in the backbone of DNA. Thus DNA will move towards the +ve electrode. |
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What is DNA and where is it found? |
DEXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, or DNA, is the instructionfor all the proteins in our body. Every cell has all the instruction for thatorganism within the DNA found in the cells’ nucleus. Cell > nucleus > chromosome > DNA |
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How many chromosomes are there in each nucleus? |
46 chromosomes in each nucleus – 23 pairs,half from the mother and half from the father. |
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What is the composition of DNA? |
DNA is a type of nucleic acid – abiomolecule with building blocks called monomers, called nucleotides in DNA. |
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What is deoxyribose? |
A type of sugar which is a component of the backbone of a nucleotide. |
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What is the composition of a nucleotide? |
Phosphate helps with the sugar to hold DNA together as the backbone, while the base is the actual code. |
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What are the four bases of DNA and how do they pair? |
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. A & T, C & G. |
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What happens if pairs of bases are mismatched? |
Bases pair in a correct pattern and if pairs are mismatched, it’s called a mutation. |
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How are bases held together? |
Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds. |
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What is the shape of DNA? |
DNA is a large polymer twisted in a double helix shape with the bases in the centre and the sugar and phosphate around the outside. |
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What does the sequence of nucleotides affect? |
Thesequence of nucleotides forms the unique genetic information of an organism. The closer the relationship is between twoorganisms, the more similar their DNA nucleotide sequences will be. |
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What are amino acids and what do they do? |
Amino acids are tiny chemicals often referred toas the building blocks of life. They can be joined together to make upproteins, which combine to form cells. |
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How are proteins formed? |
Proteins must be formed into the perfect shapein order to function – which DNA instructs them to do. |
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Where are amino acids found? |
Amino acids liveoutside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. |
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What is RNA and what does it do? |
RNA are partial copies of DNA which are missing one of their sides. They leave the nucleus into the cytoplasm and into the ribosomes where the protein is formed by taking the RNA’s instructions and bonding amino acids. |
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How many bases are the instructions broken into from DNA to RNA? |
From DNA to RNA,the instructions are broken into three bases. |
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What is the name of the code which the sequences of bases in DNA form? |
The sequences of bases in DNA forms the Genetic Code. |
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Is there Thymine in RNA?
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In RNA, there are no Ts; the Ts are made into Us. |
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What is this and what does it do? CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA - |
This is known as the triplet code. Each DNA/RNA triplet codes for a specific amino acid. The amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make part of a protein. A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete protein. These sequences form genes. |
