Digestive System

Front 1

Gastrointestinal tract/alimentary canal(gi tract)

Back 1

Contains a tube that runs from the mouth to the anus

Front 2

Esophagus

Back 2

Muscular collapsible tube

10 inches long extends from mouthto the stomach

Lined by mucosa followed by sub mucosa

followed by muscularis layer followed by adventitia

Front 3

Muscularis layer

Back 3

Longtudinal and circular layer,

mix of smooth types

Front 4

Upper esophageal sphincter

Back 4

Entrance to esophagus

Front 5

Lower esophageal sphincter

Back 5

(Cardiac sphincter ) (gasosophageal sphincter) entrance into the stomach

Front 6

Alchalasia

Back 6

Failure to open esophageal sphincter

Front 7

Esophageal hiatus

Back 7

Region passing through the diaphragm

Front 8

Stomach has 4 regions

Back 8

1 fundus

2 cardia

3 body

4 pyloris

Front 9

Fundus

Back 9

Uppermost region (above cardiac sphincter)

Front 10

Cardia

Back 10

Meets fundus from cardiac sphincter

Front 11

Body of stomach

Back 11

Main part

Front 12

Pylorus

Back 12

Connects to the small intestine,

goes through Antrim canal and

then to pyloric sphincter

Front 13

Most inner layer of stomach

Back 13

Mucosa

Front 14

Three layers of mucosa

Back 14

Epithelium, lamina propria,

muscularis mucosa

Front 15

Epithelium

Back 15

Most inner layer of mucosa

Front 16

Lamina propria

Back 16

After epithelium is the

connective

tissue in the (middle)

Front 17

Muscularis mucosa

Back 17

Causes rugae formation,

increased

surface area

Front 18

Mucosa also contains

Back 18

Gastric glands

Front 19

Submucosa

Back 19

Below mucosa, highly vascular ,

has

nerve supply(blood and lymph

vessels)

Front 20

Muscularis

Back 20

Below submucosa (oblique,

circular,

longitudinal )

Front 21

Serosa

Back 21

Visceral membrane

Front 22

Lesser curvature

Back 22

Sheet attaches to lesser

omentum, extends posterior to

abdominal wall and is located

behind liver

Front 23

Greater curvature

Back 23

Attaches to greater omentum,

extends to transverse colon

Front 24

Gastric pit

Back 24

Goblet cells, secretes mucus that protect cells

Front 25

Small intestine has three regions

Back 25

Duodenum, jejunum, illium

Front 26

Duodenum

Back 26

10 inch long tube not in

abdominal

cavity is retroperitoneal location of

the hepato pancreatic ducts

Front 27

Jejunum

Back 27

3 feet long

Front 28

Ileum

Back 28

6 feet long, the end forms

ileocecal sphincter

Front 29

Ileocecal spincter

Back 29

Entrance to large intestine

Front 30

Mucosa of small intestine

Back 30

Microscopic villi, increases

surface

area, intestinal crypt

Front 31

Plicae circularis of small

intestine

Back 31

Inner folds

Front 32

Muscularis of small intestine

Back 32

Circular and longitudinal

Front 33

Serosa of small intestine

Back 33

Visceral peritoneum

Front 34

Histology of small intestine

Back 34

Goblet cells, absorvstive cells, G cells, Panteth cells

Front 35

Large intestine

Back 35

5 feet long, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, internal spincter, external sphincter

Front 36

Cecum of large intestine

Back 36

Appendix (blind pouch)

Front 37

Ascending colon of large

intestine

Back 37

Right colic plexure

Front 38

Transverse colon of large

intestine

Back 38

Left colic flexure

Front 39

Rectum

Back 39

8 inches long, ends in anal canal

Front 40

Internal sphincter of large

intestine

Back 40

Smooth muscle

Front 41

External sphincter of large

intestine

Back 41

Skeletal muscle, layers are same as small intestine

Front 42

Buccal glands

Back 42

Line mouth, keep moist

Front 43

Liver

Back 43

Heaviest gland in body,

second largest gland,

inferior to diaphragm

Front 44

Four lobes of liver

Back 44

Right, left, caudate, quadate

Front 45

Hepatocytes

Back 45

Line mucus, liver cells

Front 46

Blood supply of liver

Back 46

Portal triad

Front 47

Portal triad

Back 47

Portal arteriole, venule, canaliculi

Front 48

Gall bladder

Back 48

Stores bile, right, left hepatic

Ducts

Front 49

Common hepatic duct

Back 49

Exits liver, joined with cystic duct and becomes bile ducts

Front 50

End of bile duct

Back 50

Sphincter , joins with main

pancreatic duct

Front 51

Hepato pancreatic sphincter

Back 51

empties into duodenum

Front 52

Duodenum

Back 52

Retroperitoneal, behind the

peritoneum

Front 53

Pancrease

Back 53

Head, body, tail, five to six inches long, retroperitoneum

Front 54

Accessory duct

Back 54

No sphincter , posterior to

greater

curvature of

stomach

Front 55

Endocrine function of the

pancreas

Back 55

Alpha, beta

Front 56

Alpha

Back 56

Glucagon

Front 57

Beta

Back 57

Insulin

Front 58

Exocrine

Back 58

Acini cells, which produces

enzymes

Front 59

Secretion of digestion

Back 59

9 liters per day, water, ions,

enzymes, acids

Front 60

Chyme

Back 60

Secretion and food mixture

Front 61

Peristalsis

Back 61

Movement of food, chyme

Front 62

Two methods of digestion

Back 62

Mechanical, Chemical

Front 63

Mechanical digestion

Back 63

Teeth and stomach

Front 64

Chemical digestion

Back 64

Hydrolysis reactions, uses water

Front 65

Absorption

Back 65

Active and passive transport

Front 66

Food that enters the esophagus

is

called

Back 66

Bolus

Front 67

The top one third of esophagus

is

Back 67

Skeletal muscle

Front 68

The middle one third

Back 68

Is a mix of both skeletal and

smooth muscle, begins peristalsis

Front 69

The bottom one third

Back 69

Is smooth muscle, reaches lower esophageal sphincter and relaxes, allows food to enter stomach

Front 70

Alchalasia

Back 70

Failure to open

Front 71

Gerd

Back 71

Never closes

Front 72

Catabolism

Back 72

Large molecules broken down to smaller molecules

Front 73

Anabolism

Back 73

Small molecules become large molecules, requires energy

Front 74

Reduction

Back 74

Gain of an electron

Front 75

Oxidation

Back 75

Loss of an electron

Front 76

Kreb cycle

Back 76

Happens in matrix of

mitochondria

Front 77

Electron transport

Back 77

Occurs in cristae of mitochondria

Front 78

Carbs

Back 78

Plants, grains, cellulose, cannot

digest, it makes energy, building

blocks,

suggested dose is a

hundred grams per day

Front 79

Proteins

Back 79

Animal products, dairy, plant, equals incomplete, sexual material, functional, dietary requirements equal .8 grams per kg of body weight

Front 80

Lipids

Back 80

Fast, from animal products, dairy products, fats help absorb fat soluble vitamins, hepatocytes require triglycerides for energy so the skeletal muscle

Front 81

Vitamins

Back 81

Organic molecules, small amounts for proper growth, good health not use for energy or building

Front 82

Minerals

Back 82

Not use for energy, use for structural components, sister other nutrients, provide homeostasis for fluids and potentials, most abundant are sodium, chloride, potassium, trace amounts are iron

Front 83

Essential nutrients

Back 83

Dietary requirements

Front 84

Phospholipids

Back 84

Part of cell membrane

Front 85

Dietary requirements of fat

Back 85

Less than 30% of caloric intake, less than 10 percent come from saturated fat

Front 86

Cholesterol requirements

Back 86

Less than 200 milligrams per day

Front 87

Essential vitamins

Back 87

A, D, C,k,b