Digestive System

Front 1

Where is appetite controlled?

Back 1

Hypothalamus - constant switched on. Satiety feedsback to regulate

Front 2

What feedsback satiety?

Back 2

Stonach distension, Glucose and AA blood levels, Fever, Gut hormones (CCK, VIP, PP, Somatostatin), Fear and stress

Front 3

Where is salivation controlled?

Back 3

Medulla oblongata

Front 4

What are the three phases of swallowing and are they voluntary/involuntary?

Back 4

Oral, (Voluntary)
Pharyngeal, (Involuntary)
Oesphageal, (Involuntary

Front 5

What can stimulate salivation?

Back 5

Sight and smell and taste of food

Front 6

Which salivary gland has a higher water content?

Back 6

Parotid

Front 7

What type of muscle does the cat oesophagus have and how is it different to dogs?

Back 7

Cat smooth muscle in contrast to dog that has striated

Front 8

How does doof pass from pharynx to oesophagus?

Back 8

cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxes and pharyngeal muscles contract

Front 9

Which sphincter must relax to permit bolus entry into the stomach?

Back 9

Cardiac Sphincter

Front 10

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

Back 10

There is no forward movement of food in segmentation

Front 11

What is the function of segmentation?

Back 11

Mixing contents, allows better digestion/absorption of nutrients in SI and better water and electrolyte absorption in large intestine.

Front 12

What size do particles need to be for the pylorus to open?

Back 12

<2mm

Front 13

What type of diet promotes slow gastric emptying?

Back 13

High calorie/fat diets

Front 14

Which diet favours gastritis?

Back 14

Low fat diets - less likey to result in vomiting as faster gastric emptying.

Front 15

Which cells produce pepsinogen?

Back 15

Chief cells

Front 16

Which cells produce HCL?

Back 16

Parietal cells

Front 17

What stimulates HCL and Pepsinogen secretion?

Back 17

Food entering stomach and sight, taste, smell of food.

Front 18

What protects the stomach from HCl?

Back 18

Gastric mucosal barrier - contains HCO3- and surface phospholipid,

Front 19

What is released from the pancreas (exocrine)?

Back 19

Trypsinogen

Front 20

What is Enterokinase?

Back 20

Activates trypsinogen in the duodenum

Front 21

Where are chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen stored and why?

Back 21

In zymogen granules in the exocrine pancreas to prevent digestion of the pancreas itself.

Front 22

Where is amylase released from?

Back 22

The cytoplasm of pancreatic cells

Front 23

Name five things produced in the exocrine pancreas.

Back 23

Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, Amylase (cytoplasm) and Lipase (cytoplasm), Bicarbonate (creates alkaline medium for pancreatic enzymes

Front 24

What does bile do?

Back 24

Bile acids - emulsify fats (diugestion/absorption)
Bicarbonate - alkaline duodenum
Excretion of waste products into bile pigment - colours faeces.

Front 25

What enzmyes are on the surface of microvilli?

Back 25

petidases and disaccharidases

Front 26

What does fat entering the duodenum stimulate?

Back 26

Release of CCK - Cholecystekinin which stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

Front 27

What type of bonds create 3d structure of proteins?

Back 27

Sulphur bonds (disulphide?)

Front 28

Where does protein digestion begin?

Back 28

Stomach (HCl and Pepsin)

Front 29

What is left behind from protein digestion after chymotrypsin and trypsin have worked on them in the duodenum?

Back 29

dipeptides

Front 30

Where does the hydrolysis of dipeptides occur top form single amino acids?

Back 30

Brush border of the small intestine.

Front 31

How are individual amino acids and glucose uptaken into the enterocytes of the small intestine?

Back 31

Via carrier proteins which faciitate passive entry

Front 32

What two types of linkages are found in starch?

Back 32

alpha 1, 4 and alpha 1, 6

Front 33

Does canine or feline saliva contain salivary amylase?

Back 33

NO

Front 34

What are the three monosaccharides from carbohydrate digestion?

Back 34

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 35

Where is the major site for fat digestion?

Back 35

Small intestine

Front 36

Where is the major site from carbohydrate digestion?

Back 36

Duodenum

Front 37

Why must fat be emulsified to be digested?

Back 37

Because lipase is a water soluble enzyme

Front 38

What is a micelle?

Back 38

A complex created by assistance of bile acids and containing hydroysed fat, lipase and bile acids.

Front 39

What happens to fats in the enterocytes?

Back 39

Free fatty acids are reformed into TAG and then transported via lipoproteins along with cholesterol inside chylopmicrons

Front 40

Where do chylomicrons travel?

Back 40

Via the lymphatic system.

Front 41

How many times are bile acids recycled?

Back 41

3-4 times

Front 42

What are the two types of absorption?

Back 42

Active and passive

Front 43

How is glucose absorbed?

Back 43

Active Transport

Front 44

How are amino acids absorbed?

Back 44

Actively

Front 45

Why are bile acids re-circulated?

Back 45

They are toxic to the liver itself so it reduces the need for liver to produce them.

Front 46

What is dependent of Vitamin D for absorption?

Back 46

Calcium

Front 47

What is the fate of dietary glucose?

Back 47

Liver - storage of glycogen - some used immediately to regulate blood glucose levels, excess converted to fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue.

Front 48

What is the fate of dietary amino acids?

Back 48

1. Nitrogen turnover, protein building/tissue repair,
2. Excess used as energy source. Can be converted into fatty acids and stored in adipose.
3. Breakdown = ammonia and is excreted as urea

Front 49

Where do chylomicrons end up?

Back 49

Travel through the lymphatics and eventually empty into circulation near the heart. Majority of TAG goes for adipose deposition. Some used to repair damaged membranes.