Digestive System

Front 1

How long is the gastrointestinal tract

Back 1

16.5-23 feet

Front 2

The gastrointestinal tract starts where and ends where

Back 2

From the mouth to the anus

Front 3

The gastrointestinal tract is divided into what organs

Back 3

Mouth,pharynx,esoohagus,stomach,small intestines, and large intestine

Front 4

What are the accessory digestive organs of the GI tract

Back 4

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Front 5

What are the functions of the GI tract

Back 5

Ingestion

Secretion

Mixing and propulsion

Digestion

Absorption

Defecation

Front 6

This is a membrane with large folds that binds organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity

Back 6

Peritoneum

Front 7

This prevents the parietal and visceral peritoneum of the abdominal cavity from adhering to each other

Back 7

Greater omentum

Front 8

What will drap over the intestines

Back 8

Greater omentum

Front 9

What will bind the small intestine to the abdominal wall

Back 9

Mesentery

Front 10

What binds the large intestine to the abdominal wall

Back 10

Mesocolon

Front 11

What are the for layers of the GI tract

Back 11

Mucosa

Submucosa

Musculuris

Scrosa

Front 12

The GI has a rich blood supply for

Back 12

Absorption nutrients and has a networks of neurons

Front 13

The enteric nervous system is regulated by what

Back 13

Automatic nervous system

Front 14

This coordinates the movement and secretion of the GI tract

Back 14

Enteric nervous system

Front 15

Digestion begin when you bring food into your mouth

Back 15

Ingestion

Front 16

Where does digestion begin

Back 16

When we bring food into our mouth

Front 17

This is the chewing mechanically breaks down food into smaller pieces

Back 17

Mastication

Front 18

this is the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it

Back 18

ingestion

Front 19

what is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion

Back 19

secretion

Front 20

what movement occur in the stomach as a result of smooth muscle contraction

Back 20

mixing

Front 21

the movement of food along the digestive tract

Back 21

propulsion

Front 22

the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body

Back 22

digestion

Front 23

the passing of digested food through the wall of the intestines into the blood or lymph

Back 23

absorption

Front 24

the discharge of feces from the body

Back 24

defecation

Front 25

what are the three salivary glands

Back 25

parotid, submandibular, siblingual

Front 26

this will secrete saliva which mixes with the food pieces, lubricates and moistens the food, kills bacteria, and salivary amylase begins digestion on starch

Back 26

salivary glands

Front 27

what are the components of the GI tract

Back 27

mouth, pharynx and esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, large intestine,

Front 28

the mouth is composed of

Back 28

teeth, uvula

Front 29

what are the types of teeth

Back 29

incisors, cuspids, premolars, molars

Front 30

this will cut food in the mouth

Back 30

incisors

Front 31

this will tear food in the mouth

Back 31

cuspids

Front 32

this will crush and grind food in the mouth

Back 32

premolars

Front 33

this will grind food in the mouth

Back 33

molars

Front 34

what are the sections in the mouth

Back 34

crown, neck, root

Front 35

what are the materials in the mouth

Back 35

enamel, dentin

Front 36

The thin outer covering of a tooth. It covers the crown of the tooth, and is calcium salts

Back 36

enamel

Front 37

a layer of material that lies immediately underneath the enamel of the tooth, and is calcified CT

Back 37

dentin

Front 38

contain the nerves and blood supply that keep our teeth alive. The central cavity of a tooth containing the dental pulp and being made up of the root canal and the pulp chamber

Back 38

pulp cavity

Front 39

this prevents food and drink from entering the nasal cavity

Back 39

uvula

Front 40

when food is chewed and swallowed what process begins

Back 40

deglutition

Front 41

what are the three stages of deglutition

Back 41

voluntary stage, pharyngeal stage, and esophageal stage

Front 42

which faces of the deglutition are involuntary

Back 42

pharyngeal stage, and esophageal stage

Front 43

what will move the bolus of food from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach via peristalsis.

Back 43

deglutition

Front 44

when the bolus moves into the stomach what will happen

Back 44

the lower esophageal sphincter will close

Front 45

heartburn, GERD are caused by what

Back 45

the lower esophageal sphincter failing to close

Front 46

what are the regions of the stomach

Back 46

fundus, body, pylorus

Front 47

The part of a hollow organ that is across from, or farthest away from, the organ's opening. does not usually store food unless the stomach is full. The fundus stores any gas that is a byproduct of digestion

Back 47

fundus

Front 48

This is the largest section of your stomach. In the body, your stomach contracts and begins to mix food. It holds food until your stomach is ready to send it to your small intestine.

Back 48

stomach body

Front 49

The part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is a valve that opens and closes during digestion. This allows partly digested food and other stomach contents to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.

Back 49

pylorus

Front 50

this is the lining of the stomach that is composed of gastric pits, where various secretory cells lie

Back 50

histology

Front 51

Foveolar cells or surface mucous cells are mucus-producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive nature of gastric acid. These cells line the gastric mucosa

Back 51

stomach mucus cells

Front 52

what do chief cells secrete

Back 52

pepsinogen, gastric lipase

Front 53

A substance made by cells in the stomach. Acid in the stomach changes this to pepsin, which breaks down proteins in food during digestion

Back 53

pepsinogen

Front 54

what is the enzyme that breaks down fats

Back 54

gasric lipase

Front 55

what do parietal cells secrete

Back 55

hydrocholoric acid, and intrinsic factors

Front 56

this kills bacteria and will activate pepsin to break down proteins

Back 56

hydrochloric acid

Front 57

this helps the small intestine absorb vitamin B12

Back 57

intrinsic factor

Front 58

this secretes gastrin which causes peristalsis(stomoach contractions)

Back 58

g cells

Front 59

peristalsis is

Back 59

stomach contractions

Front 60

this is a mixture of gastric juices with food

Back 60

chyme

Front 61

water, ions, short chain fatty acids and some drugs.

Back 61

stomach absorption

Front 62

what will move the stomach contents through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine

Back 62

gastric empyting

Front 63

how long does emptying the stomach occur after eating

Back 63

1-2 hours after eating

Front 64

what type of foods are slower to leave the stomach

Back 64

fat rich foods

Front 65

what type of foods are quicker to leave the stomach

Back 65

protein rich foods, and carb rich foods

Front 66

what are the regions of the small intestine

Back 66

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 67

the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum

Back 67

duodenum

Front 68

what helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.

Back 68

jejunum

Front 69

what connects to the cecum (first part of the large intestine). This helps to further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body

Back 69

ileum

Front 70

what are the lining of the small intestine

Back 70

circular folds, villi, intestinal glands

Front 71

what are the transverse folds of mucosa found predominantly in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum

Back 71

circular folds

Front 72

this contains absorptive cells with microvilli, which are folds in plasma membrane on absorptive cells that increase surface area

Back 72

villi

Front 73

what is the gland found in between villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (or colon).

Back 73

intestinal gland

Front 74

what produces hormone-producing cells that are sprinkled throughout the gut epithelium

Back 74

enteroendocrine

Front 75

what three cells does enteroendocrine cell secrete

Back 75

cholecystokinin, secretin, paneth cells

Front 76

this increases pancreatic juice and bile from the gallbladder

Back 76

cholecystokinin

Front 77

this stimulates pancreatic secretions

Back 77

secretin

Front 78

what secretes lysozyme

Back 78

paneth cells

Front 79

where does the majority of digestion and absorption take place

Back 79

small intestine

Front 80

what are the two types of muscular movements in the small intestine

Back 80

segmentations, and peristalsis

Front 81

what will mix secretions with chime

Back 81

segmentations

Front 82

what moves the chyme throught the small intestine

Back 82

peristalsis

Front 83

where is most of the food and materials absorbed by

Back 83

the small intestine (90%)

Front 84

what are sugars, amino acids, and short chain fatty acids absorbed through

Back 84

absorptive cells

Front 85

where do sugars, amino acids, and short chain fatty acids go to once they are absorbed by the absorptive cells

Back 85

in the bloodstream

Front 86

where will the absorptive cells traves throught

Back 86

the hepatic portal circulation

Front 87

where does the hepatic portal circulation lead absorptive cell to

Back 87

the liver for processing

Front 88

where are fats packaged

Back 88

into chylomicrons

Front 89

a droplet of fat present in the blood or lymph after absorption from the small intestine

Back 89

chylomicrons

Front 90

A blood vessel that carries blood to the liver from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder

Back 90

hepatic portal circulation

Front 91

where does a fat traves

Back 91

to a lacteal

then through the lymphatic system

finally into the general circulation

Front 92

how long does chyme remain in the small intestine

Back 92

3-5 hours

Front 93

what absorbs water and eliminates waste

Back 93

large intestine

Front 94

how long is the large intestine

Back 94

5 ft long and 2.5 inches wide

Front 95

where does the large intestine extend from

Back 95

from the ileum to the anus

Front 96

what is the large intestine attached to

Back 96

the posterior abdominal wall

Front 97

what attached the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

Back 97

mesocolon

Front 98

what are the segments of the large intestine

Back 98

cecum, colon, rectum, anus

Front 99

ileocecal valve regulates the movement of material from the small intestine into cecum

Back 99

cecum

Front 100

the main part of the large intestine, which passes from the cecum to the rectum and absorbs water and electrolytes from food that has remained undigested

Back 100

colon

Front 101

the first main part of the large intestine, which passes upward from the cecum on the right side of the abdomen

Back 101

ascending colon

Front 102

the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.

Back 102

transverse colon

Front 103

the part of the large intestine that passes downward on the left side of the abdomen toward the rectum.

Back 103

descending colon

Front 104

the S-shaped last part of the large intestine, leading into the rectum

Back 104

sigmoid

Front 105

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

Back 105

rectum

Front 106

this contains internal(involuntary) and external (voluntary) anal sphincters

Back 106

Anus

Front 107

what is the longitudinal muscle centralized for strengthened contractions

Back 107

teniae coli

Front 108

what is the sac like segments that each colon is divided into where haustral churning occurs

Back 108

haustra

Front 109

haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis driving the contents of the colon into the rectum are what

Back 109

functions of the large intestine

Front 110

bacteria in the large intestine converts protein into what

Back 110

amino acids

Front 111

bacteria in the large intestine do what to amino acids

Back 111

break them down

Front 112

bacteria in the large intestine will produce what

Back 112

some B and K vitamins

Front 113

this is 9% of ingested materials, including water, ions, and vitamins

Back 113

this is only 1% of the material entering the GI tract is lost of feces

Front 114

the discharge of feces from the body

Back 114

defecation

Front 115

the liver is divided into these hexagonal structures, each corner is bordered by a hepatic artery, hepatic vein, and bile duct

Back 115

lobules

Front 116

what are the four lobules

Back 116

sinusoids, hepatocytes, stellate reticuloendothelial cells, and bile canaliculi

Front 117

fluid from hepatic vein pools into sinusoids where it can be absorbed by hepatocytes

Back 117

sinusoids

Front 118

metabolize incoming nutrients, toxins, and make bile

Back 118

hepatocytes

Front 119

macrophages that work to kill bacteria

Back 119

stellate reticuloendothelial cells

Front 120

this drains bile produced by hepatocytes

Back 120

bile canaliculi

Front 121

what do bile salts bread down

Back 121

large lipids

Front 122

how do bile salts break down large lipeds

Back 122

through emulsification

Front 123

what does bile pigment consist mainly of

Back 123

bilirubin

Front 124

what is the bile route

Back 124

right and left hepatic ducts

common hepatic duct

cystic duct

common bile duct

Front 125

this stores bile and releases it into the duodenum through the common bile duct when stimulated by CCK

Back 125

gall bladder

Front 126

what secrete pancreatic juice

Back 126

pancreatic acinar cells

Front 127

what does pancreatic juice consists of

Back 127

pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

Front 128

where does the pancreatic juice flow into

Back 128

into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

Front 129

a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon

Back 129

pancreas

Front 130

what is digestion controlled by

Back 130

enteric nervous system

Front 131

what is the enteric nervous system controlled by

Back 131

the ANS

Front 132

what does ENS motor neurons control

Back 132

muscle movements and secretions within the GI tract

Front 133

what does ENS sensory neurons detect

Back 133

presence of food

Front 134

how does ENS sensory neurons detect the presence of food

Back 134

using chemical and mechanical stretch receptors within the gastrointestinal organs

Front 135

digestion occurs in three overlapping phases

Back 135

cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase

Front 136

this responds to the sensation of food( smell taste, and sight) and prepares the mouth and stomach to recieve it

Back 136

cephalic phase

Front 137

this continues gastric secretions and motility, mixing food and regulating gastric emptying

Back 137

gastric phase

Front 138

this promotes digestion through the small intestine and inhibits gastric emptying

Back 138

intestinal phase

Front 139

this is bony and forms most of the roof of the mouth

Back 139

hard palate

Front 140

this is muscular and forms the rest of the mouths roof

Back 140

soft palate

Front 141

this covers tooth sockets and help to anchor teeth

Back 141

gums

Front 142

this forms the floor of the mouth, manipulates food for chewing and swallowing, shapes food, and senses taste

Back 142

fongue

Front 143

this limits movement of the tongue posteriorly

Back 143

lingual frenulum

Front 144

involves the contraction of the tongue to push the bolus up against the soft palate and then posteriorly into the oropharynx by both the tongue and the soft palate.

Back 144

deglutition voluntary stage

Front 145

a rapid phase of muscle contraction to propel the bolus through the upper esophageal sphincter and into the esophagus

Back 145

deglutition pharyngeal stage

Front 146

The food bolus is forced inferiorly from the pharynx into the esophagus after the sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Back 146

deglutition esophageal stage

Front 147

what is the main function of the liver

Back 147

metabolize nutrients and toxins and produce bile

Front 148

where is bile made

Back 148

in the liver

Front 149

drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver

Back 149

right heptaic duct

Front 150

drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver

Back 150

left heptaic duct

Front 151

first part of the biliary tract. It is formed by the convergence of the right and left hepatic duct

Back 151

hepatic duct

Front 152

the process of dispersing two or more immiscible liquids together to form a semistable mixture

Back 152

emulsification

Front 153

what is the main function of the pancreas

Back 153

producing enzymes to break down biological molecules