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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the major types of human developmental change?
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Physical, cognitive, social-emotional
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Development
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a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage
The natural progression from a previous, simpler, or embryonic stage to a later, more complex, or adult stage. |
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Developmental Psychology
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process which involves stages of change throughout lifespan
motor skills cognitive development involving problem solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding language acquisition social, personality, and emotional development self-concept/identity formation |
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Theory
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A set of relevant assumptions systematically related to each other, together with empirical definitions
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Developmental theory
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Focuses on the study of nature and regulation of changes throughout their lifetime
Structural , function, behavioral |
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What is the contemporary view of nature vs. nurture debate?
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Debate about each, how much do both contribute
Interactionalist perspective both genetic and environmentalistic |
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Empiricist Perspective
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views knowledge as being acquired b y a process in which the sensory organs first detect stimuli in the external world and the mind then detects the customary patterns or conjuctions in the stimuli
Produce knowledge through sensory organs detect stimuli then our mind establishes pattern and gives it meaning Human Development Predictable/Universal Qualitative and Quantitative changes (measurable) People are passive, environmental stimulus impacts person |
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Rationalist perspective
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knowledge is acquired by a process in which the human mind imposes order on the data that the senses provide in that mind doesn’t merely detect order in the data
We create it We impose order on what the sensory organs sense Knowledge creates meaning by the individual Human development Predictable/Universal Mind constructs patterns Make predictions |
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Sociohistorical theorist perspective
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Knowledge acquired which individual is a part of
Focus on culture specific development Cultural/Social history- can’t understand development unless have that |
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Why do sociohistorical theorists object to empiricist and rationalist perspectives?
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Empirical and rationalist perspectives do not analyze data from culture and history
Participant observation |
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List Freud’s phases of psychosexual development and also describe the crisis that needs to be resolved in each stage
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Oral- bodily pleasures derived from mouth, breastfeading, putting toys in mouth
Anal- gain pleasure from being in control of bodily functions Phalic- touching genitals, gender identy Latency- no psychosexual conflicts Puberty- finding sexual partner |
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Life-span theoretical perspective
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Concerned with the description and explication of ontogenetic (age-related) behavioral change from birth to death
Throughout the lifespan |
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Discuss the assumptions of the life-span perspective
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Lifelong
Multidimensional Mulitidirectional Repetitive Reflects individual differences Reflects stability and changed Interdisciplinary Influenced by heredity and environment Reflects cultural differences Cumulative Historically embedded Plastic |
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Discuss Ainsworth’s contribution to Bowlby’s theory
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Elaborated on the attachment theory by identifying various types of attachments and their consequences
Discussed consequences for children Ex: secure base- children’s exploration can occur |
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Reciprocal Determinism
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a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
an individual's behavior being conditioned through the use of consequences behavior (and personal factors, such as cognitive skills or attitudes) can impact the environment |
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Why are the sociohistorical, bioecological, dynamical systems perspectives categorized as NONLINEAR?
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Many layered environment
Cannot predict Universally applied Development is open-ended with no rigid direction, pattern, or limit |
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What is the focus of Thomas and Chess’s theory of development?
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Individuality of behavioral responses in infants and children
Temperament is a relatively stable characteristic |
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Defense Mechanisms
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Psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image
Rationalization- giving flase but potentionally plausible reason to justify behavior Identification- supporting one’s self esteem by forming imaginary or real bond with someone or some admirable group Regression- reverting to immature behavior that was outgrown at an earlier age |
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Discuss the four processes that affect how a person might interpret environmental events, according to Bandura.
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Attention- how well person attends to the observed information/behavior
Retention- how well person encodes and retains the information/behavior in memory Motor Reproduction- how capable the person is in recalling the action information and motorically reproducing the behavior Motivation- how much the person values the information/behavior and is affected by the reinforcement sources |
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How do dynmaic systems theorists conduct their research.
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Microgenesis- collection of multiple samples of an ongoing process and the results are displayed in graphs or other visual displays usually generated by computers
Neuroscience and physics Computer simulations, brain scans for determining things such as emotional regulations |
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Why is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory considered “psychosexual”?
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Humans try to meet their needs for bodily pleasure from birth, but when attempt is thwarted it
causes psychological conflict |
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How does Freud explain the development of unhealthy personality development?
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Unconsious processes underlie conscious processes, and these unconcsious needs and wishes influence feelings and social behaviors
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What are the four qualities of theories that are especially important for evaluating their credibility and usesfulness?
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A set: a group of ideas
Relevant assumptions: based on beliefs about a phenomenon Systematically related to each other: that are connected in an organized way Empirical definitions: having explicit terms that are required to understand the theoretical concepts |
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Why do we say that Freud’s theory follows an epigenetic principle?
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progress through each psychosexual stage is in part determined by our success, or lack of success, in all the previous stages
personality is biologically based and governed by a present plan |
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Why is Erikson’s theory considered “psychosocial”?
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Pscyhological (mind) and Social (relationships)
Social interactions at each age period may affect sociological identity |
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Distinguish between Freud’s and Erikson’s theories of development.
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Erikson’s theory of development focuses on growth-promoting crisis of each period and discussed how these crises can be well resolved to promote psychosocial development.
Social interactions at each age period affect psychological identity Freud’s theory of development focuses on psychosexual conflicts Each age has different conflict issues Personality is biologically based |
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Identify Freud’s structures of personality and structures of the mind
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Ego- (rational) the moderator between the id and superego which seeks compromises to pacify both. Can be viewed as our "Sense of Self".
Id- (irrational, emotional) a selfish, primitive, childish, pleasure-oriented part of the personality with no ability to delay gratification. Superego- internalized societal and parental standards of "good" and "bad" and "right" and "wrong" behavior. |
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What is the major focus of such theories between Bowlby, Ainsworth, Greenspan, and Chess and Thomas?
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life-span theories
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