Development

Front 1

Parenting styles and effects

Back 1

authoritative parents: set high standards and impose controls but they are also warm and responsive to the child's communications. They set limits but adjust them when appropriate. They encourage their children to strive toward their own goals.
Authoritarian parents: like authoritative parents, they set firm controls, but they tend to be emotionally more distant from the child. They set rules without explaining the reasons behind them.
Permissive parents: are warm and loving but undemanding
Indifferent or uninvolved parents: these parents spend little time with their children and do little more than provide them with food and shelter.

Front 2

Major Sex differences in cognition and behavior.

Back 2

Females tend to have greater verbal fluency, while males tend to have greater verbal analogies. Females tend to be better at arithmetic calculations, while males are better at mathematical word problems and some aspects of geometry. Boys are more active at a younger age, while girls have better self control. Men are more likely to help a stranger with a problem; women are more likely to provide long-term nurturing support. Women tend to give directions based on landmarks, while men are more likely to give directions based on distance. This is likely because men possess stronger visual-spatial skills than women.

Front 3

Relational and physical aggression

Back 3

Women are more likely to engage in relational aggression (e.g. turning friends against each other), while men are more likely to engage in physical aggression (fighting).

Front 4

Continuous vs. stage theories

Back 4

Continuous theories of development state that children are constantly developing. Stage theories of development state that children make it to major milestones are are capable of new types of learning. The truth is somewhere in between.

Front 5

Effects of cloth vs. wire "mothers" and determinants of attachment

Back 5

Based on Harry Harlow's surrogate mother test where infant rhesus monkeys whould find comfort in a terrycloth surrogate "mother" whether or not it had food, while it only found comfort in the wire "mother" if it had food. The monkeys became attached to the cloth "mothers" while the wire "mothers" never achieved the same type of attachment

Front 6

Stockholm syndrome

Back 6

The stockholm syndrome is a phenomena where hostages become affetionate towards their captors.

Front 7

Effects of abuse on attachment and resilience.

Back 7

Victims of abuse tend to become attached to their abusers. Remarkably, some abused children develop resilience (the ability to overcome obstacles.) Usually resilient victims of abuse have some "special" source of strength such as a strong faith or a special skill.

Front 8

Effects of divorce on children.

Back 8

Divorce can have many sources of damage on children. These sources of damage include: diminished parenting, relocation, loss of home and friends, triangulation by parents, divided loyalties, power issues with step-parents and general financial problems. Effects of these sources of damage are different based on the age of the child when the divorce happens. In young children, the effect is regression (bedwetting, thumb-sucking, or clinginess.) In older chilren, the effects can include: reunion fantasies, headaches and stomach aches, guilt about divorce, anger and powerlessness, labeling parents as good and bad. In adolescents the effects include: depression,a cting out, sometimes suicidal ideation, skittishness towards relationships, or clingy need for relationships. Sometimes" "overburdened child" holds the custodial parent together psychologically. The effects of divorce are often delayed, re-surfacing when children make their own marital decisions. Children of divorce are more likely to become divorced themselves, as well as suffer from mental disorders and drug/alcohol problems. Children are more harmed by bitter, conflict filled divorces than by amicable divorces