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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Science of human development
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seeks to understand how and why people-all kinds of people, everywhere-change or remain the same over time
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empirical
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based on data
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dynamic-systems theory
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stresses fluctuations and transitions
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ecological-systems approach
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Urie Bronfenbrenner-recommended that developments examine all the systems that surround the development of each person.
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butterfly effect
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the power of small change. 1972 speech Edward Lorenz-titled "Predictability: Does the flap of a butterfly's wings in brazil set off a tornado in Texas?"
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cohort
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all person are born with a few years of one another are said to be cohort, a group of people whose shared age means that they travel through life together.
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Socioeconomic status (SES)
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"social class" invlves money, in income or wealth and is measured by factors such as occupation, education and place of residence.
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Ethnic group
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share certain attributes, almost always ancestral heritage and often national origin, religion, culture, and language.
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Heritage
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refers to customs and traditions passed down to the present
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national origin
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refers to one's ancestors' country of birth
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Race
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used to categorize groups of people based on appearance. Race is a misleading biological category. 95 % of genetic differences are within racial groups not between.
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social construction
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an idea created by society
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mirror neurons
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Monkey see, monkey do. F5 area of monkey premotor cortex.
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scientific method
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4 basic steps (sometimes a 5th). 1. Question 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Test 4. Draw conclusions. and (5. make the findings available).
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hypothesis
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a specific prediction to be tested
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Replication
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the repetition of a scientific study, using similar procedures with new participants, to verify or dispute the original study's conclusions.
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Scientific Observation
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observe and record behavior systematically and objectively. (obs. in natural settings)
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experiment
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research method that scientists use to establish cause.
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independent variable
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aka experimental variable. the treatment or special condition. manipulated thing.
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dependent variable
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in theory depends on the independent variable. (result)
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experimental group
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group that gets a particular treatment
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comparison group
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aka control group. no special treatment.
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survey
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information is collection from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire, or some other means.
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case study
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is an intensive stud of one individual
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cross-sectional research
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groups of people who differ in age but share other important characteristics such as education, SES, or ethnicity
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longitudinal research
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involves collecting date repeatedly on the same individuals as they age
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cross-sequential research
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cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research. researchers study several groups of people who are of different ages and follow them over the years.
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correlation
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exists between two variables if one variable is more (or less) likely to occur when the other occurs. IT IS NOT CAUSATION
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Positive correlation
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both variable increase or decrease together
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Negative correlation
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one variable increases and the other decreases
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zero correlation
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no connection is evident
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quantitative research
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can be catagorized, ranked, or numbered and thus can be easily translated across cultures.
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qualitative research
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asking open-ended questions, answers are not easy to translate to numbers
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code of ethics
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a set of moral principles, and a scientific culture that protect the integrity of research.
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developmental theory
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a systematic statement of principals and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older.
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grand theories
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a few analytic, behaviorist, and cognative theories are grand theories b/c they describe universal processes and development throughout the entire life span.
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emergent theories
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(socioculture and spigenetic theories) may become the new systematic and comprehensive theories for the future
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psychoanalytic theory
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inner drives and motives, many irrational, originating in childhood and unconscious
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behaviorism
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examine what could be seen and measured-behavior
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conditioning
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the process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli.
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classical conditioning
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aka respondent conditioning: a person or an animal is conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulis, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as a meaningful one. Pavlov's dog.
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operant conditioning
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aka instrumental conditioning: animals behave in some way and a response occurs. if the response is useful or pleasurable the animal is likely to repeat the behavior. if painful the animal is likley to not repeat it.
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reinforcement
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any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person (or animal) likely to repeat that behavior. it is not a reward. Once conditioned humans and animals will repeat it even if reinforcement occurs occasionally.
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social learning theory
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humans learn from observing others, without personally experiencing any reinforcement. We learn from other people because we are social beings.
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modeling
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people observe what others do and copy it.
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self-efficacy
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a feeling of self-confidence that people develop when they have high aspirations and notable achievements.
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cognitive theory
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emphasizes the structure and development of thought processes. Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect attitudes, beliefs, values, assumptions and actions.
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information-processing theory
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type of cognitive theory: focuses on the step-by-step activation of various parts of the brain.
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Piaget
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cognitive development occurs in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operational and formal operational. age related
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cognitive equilibrium
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the stae of mental balance
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sociocultural theory
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human development results from the dynamic interaction between the developing persons and their surrounding society.
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guided participation
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where a novice is guided by a tutor (family, freiends, strangers) and gains knowledge and capabilities their society requires
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proximal development
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consists of the skills, knowledge and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help.
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epigenetic theory
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genes interact with teh environment to allow development. Contrasts with preformism)
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preformism
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theory that genes determine every aspect of development
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Selective adaptation (of genes)
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of genes and environments is ongoing, environment favors genes in a population if they increase survival and reproduction, makes destructive genes rare.
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Nature
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refers to genes that people inherit
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Nurture
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refers to all the environmental influences, beginning with the mother's health and diet during pregnancy and continues lifelong, inc. ind. exp. with family, school, community and society.
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sexual orientation
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erotic inclination and thoughts
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sexual expression
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actual behavior (sexual)
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