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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Metaphase
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Fibers of the spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at the centromere to align the chromosomes at the center of the cell
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centromere fibers
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Gene regulation in prokaryotes
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-RNA polymerase binds to the promoter to initiate transcription
-if a repressor binds to the operator, no transcription occurs -if the inducer binds to the repressor w/o binding to the operator, transcription occurs |
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Viral lysogenic cycle
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Viral DNA integrates itself into a host genome in the provirus form and is mostly harmless while it reproduces, but can reemerge and enter the lytic cycle as a result of environmental circumstances
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Transformation
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process by which a foreign chromosome fragment is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination
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Prophase
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Chromosomes condense
-Centrioles separate and move towards the opposite poles -spindle apparatus begins to form -nuclear membrane dissolves |
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Morula
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a solid ball of embryonic cells
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Mentsrual cycle part 2
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3. Luteal phase:ruptured follicle develops in corpus luteum (which secretes estrogen and progesterone) Endometrium prepares for implantation of embryo
4. Menstruation:no fertilization causes a drop in progesterone and estrogen, menstrual flow occurs |
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Pyrimidines
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Cytosine and thymine
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Second meiotic division
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Very similar to mitosis, except the new cells have a haploid number of chromosome
-in human females, only one of the daughter cells becomes a functional gamete |
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Oogenesis
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Occurs in ovaries
-1 diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis to produce 1 mature ovum. -Each meiotic division produces subsequent polar bodies, which degenerate |
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Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells (cleavage furrow in animal cells) Cell membrane indents and pinches forming 2 cells
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Osmosis
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Simple diffusion of water from a region of lower SOLUTE conc. to HIGHER solute conc.
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Meiosis
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Produces haploid gametes
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Metaphase
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Fibers of the spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at the centromere to align the chromosomes at the center of the cell
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Conjugation
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Sexual mating of bacteria; used by bacteria that contain sex factors and can join via a cytoplasmic conjugation bridge in order to transfer genetic material
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Active transport
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Net movement of dissolved particles AGAINST their conc. gradient with the help of transport proteins.
-REQUIRES energy |
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Mesoderm gives rise to:
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integuments(outer covering of internal organs), gonads, kidney, circulatory system, musculoskeletal system
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Spermatogenesis
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occurs in the seminiferous tubules
-diploid cells celled spermatogonia undergo meiosis to produce 4 equal haploid sperm |
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Regeneration
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Regrowth of a lost or injured body part
-hydra, starfish, salamanders, tadpoles |
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Viral lytic cycle
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viral DNA takes control of host genetic machinery to replicate
-host cell bursts releasing new virions -virulent |
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Prophase 1
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Homologous chromosomes synapse
(tetrad) -crossing over can occur (recombination) |
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What are the differences in mitosis for plant cells?
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-Plant cells lack centrioles
-No cleavage furrow, instead divide via cell plate |
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Second meiotic division
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Very similar to mitosis, except the new cells have a haploid number of chromosome
-in human females, only one of the daughter cells becomes a functional gamete |
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3 different kinds of RNA
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1. mRNA:carries the complement of a DNA sequence from the nucleus to the ribosomes
2.tRNA:found in the cytoplasm and aids in the translation of mRNAs code to a sequence of amino acids 3.rRNA: structural component of ribosomes (most abundant type) and is synthesized in the nucleolus |
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Pathway of sperm
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SEVEN UP
Seminiferous tubules Epididymis vas deferens ejactulatory duct nothing urethra penis |
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Fission
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DNA replicates, new plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward forming 2 duplicate cells
-occurs in amoebae, paramecia, algae, and bacteria |
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Metaphase 1
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Homologous pairs align and attach to a spindle fiber
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Menstrual cycle
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.Follicular:FSH increases to cause development of follicle, which then secretes estrogen
2.Ovulation:caused by a surge in LH; mature ovarian follicle burts and releases an ovum,, also a surge in estrogen |
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Blastulation
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begins when the morula develops a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel, which later becomes a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula
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Telophase 1
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-Nuclear membrane forms
-Chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined at the centromere |
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Interphase
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-90% of the time a cell is in interphase
-each chromosome is replicated -at the end, chromosomes consist of 2 identical sister CHROMATIDS -DNA is uncoiled and called chromatin, and is not visible |
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Ectoderm gives rise to:
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epidermis, hair, nails, lens of the eye, epithelium, inner ear, brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, adrenal medulla
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Anaphase
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Sister chromatids separate, as they are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the shortening of the spindle fibers (made of microtubules)
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Gastrulation
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the development if a three layered structure called the gastrula & the 3 primary germ layers
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