Dat - Biology

Front 1

assimilation

Back 1

consumption of O2 by body

O2 + glucose ----> ATP

Front 2

irritability

Back 2

ability to respond to stimuli

part of regulation

Front 3

photosynthesis

Back 3

CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O2 (carbs)

chlorophyll in plants harnesses sunlight to drive PS

Front 4

phospholipid

Back 4

contains:
glycerol
2 fatty acids
N-containing alcohol

Front 5

lipid derivatives (5)

Back 5

1. phospholipids
2. waxes
3. steroids
4. carotenoids (pigment)
5. porphyrins (i.e. heme)

Front 6

albumins/globulins

Back 6

functional proteins

globular

carriers or enzymes

Front 7

scleroproteins

Back 7

structural proteins

fibrous

Front 8

mucoproteins

Back 8

proteins bound to carb.

Front 9

chromoproteins

Back 9

proteins bound to pigmented molecules

Front 10

protein functions (5)

Back 10

"HASTE"
Hormones
Antibodies
Structural proteins
Transport proteins
Enzymes

Front 11

enzyme functions (2)

Back 11

1. lower activation energy of rxn
2. increase rate of rxn


**do not affect overall "G" of rxn/ not consumed

Front 12

lock and key theory (enzyme specificity)

Back 12

active site of enzyme fits together with structure of substrate like "lock and key"

*largely discounted theory

Front 13

induced fit theory (enzyme specificity)

Back 13

conformation of active site of enzyme changes to fit substrate

Front 14

factors affecting enzyme action/reaction rate (3)

Back 14

1. temperature (^ temp = ^rate of action until optimal temp reached)

2. pH (bell curve; human enzyme optimal pH = 7.2)

3. concentration (^ [S] = ^ velocity until Vmax reached)

Front 15

lactase

Back 15

hydrolysis

lactose --> glucose + galactose

Front 16

protease

Back 16

hydrolysis

proteins --> amino acids

Front 17

lipase

Back 17

hydrolysis

lipids --> fatty acids + glycerol

Front 18

cofactors

Back 18

non-protein molecules required by some enzymes

obtained from diet

Front 19

proesthetic groups

Back 19

cofactors that bind to enzymes with covalent bonds

Front 20

cell theory

Back 20

"GABE"
Genetic info carried as DNA
Arise from pre-existing cells only
Basic fxnl unit of life
Everything composed of cells

Front 21

compound light microscopy

Back 21

uses 2 lenses to magnify object (magnification = mag. of eyepiece x mag. of objective)

used to observe non-living specimens

often involves staining (contrast)

Front 22

phase contrast microscopy

Back 22

used to study living cells

uses difference in refractive index to produce contrast

Front 23

electron microscopy

Back 23

1000x higher mag. than compound light microscopy

used to study non-living specimens

Front 24

characteristics of prokaryotes

Back 24

bacteria

all contain cell wall

no nucleus

contain ribosomes

no membrane-bound organelles

Front 25

characteristics of eukaryotes

Back 25

include protists, fungi, plants, and animals

cell walls only in fungi and plants

nucleus

contain ribosomes

membrane-bound organelles

Front 26

histones

Back 26

structural proteins

complex with DNA to form chromosomes in nucleus

Front 27

nucleolus

Back 27

structure in nucleus

site of rRNA synthesis

Front 28

golgi apparatus

Back 28

receives/modifies/repackages vesicles from ER; distributes to cell surface via exocytosis

Front 29

mitochondria

Back 29

site of AEROBIC respiration

Front 30

cyclosis

Back 30

streaming movement of cytoplasm throughout cell

Front 31

centrioles

Back 31

specialized microtubule

spindle organization (cell division)

lie in centrosome

NOT in plant cells

Front 32

lysosome

Back 32

hydrolyzes material ingested by cell

Front 33

autolysis

Back 33

rupturing of lysosome in an injured/dying cell

releases hydrolytic enzymes

Front 34

differences of plant cells (versus animal cells) - 4

Back 34

NO centrosome

cell wall (made of cellulose)

chloroplasts

many vacuoles

Front 35

hypotonic solution

Back 35

conc. of cytoplasm > conc. of extracellular medium

Front 36

hypertonic solution

Back 36

conc. of cytoplasm < conc. of extracellular medium

cell shrinks

Front 37

hypotonic solution

Back 37

conc. of cytoplasm > conc of extracellular medium

cell swells and bursts

Front 38

brownian movement

Back 38

movement of small suspended particles through cytoplasm of cell via kinetic energy

Front 39

karyokinesis

Back 39

nuclear division

Front 40

cytokinesis

Back 40

step 6 of mitosis

cell division - cytoplasm divides

cleavage furrow forms in animals/ cell plate in plants

Front 41

interphase

Back 41

step 1 of mitosis

replication of chromosomes (2 sister chromatids with centromere)

DNA uncoiled (chromatin)

Front 42

chromatin

Back 42

uncoiled DNA

found in interphase

Front 43

prophase

Back 43

step 2 of mitosis

chromosomes condense

centrioles (in animals) move towards opposite poles

spindle forms

nuclear membrane dissolves

Front 44

metaphase

Back 44

step 3 of mitosis

chromosomes align to form metaphase plate

Front 45

anaphase

Back 45

step 4 of mitosis

sister chromatids separate

Front 46

telophase

Back 46

step 5 of mitosis

nuclear membrane forms around new chromosomes

chromosomes uncoil

Front 47

meiosis

Back 47

produces sex cells

produces haploid (1N) number

Front 48

synapsis (meiosis)

Back 48

intertwining of homologous chromosomes in prophase I

forming of tetrads

Front 49

crossing over

Back 49

chromatids of HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes break and exchange EQUIVALENT pieces of DNA

increases genetic diversity

occurs in prophase I of meiosis

Front 50

disjunction

Back 50

separation of homologous chromosomal pairs

anaphase I of meiosis

Mendelian law - distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells is RANDOM

Front 51

types of asexual reproduction (4)

Back 51

1. fission
2. budding
3. regeneration
4. parthogenesis

Front 52

binary fission

Back 52

asexual production in one-celled organisms (amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria)

1. DNA replication
2. division via cell wall

Front 53

budding

Back 53

asexual reproduction of hydra and yeast

unequal cytokinesis

Front 54

regeneration

Back 54

asexual reproduction - hydra, starfish, salamanders

regrowth of lost/injured body part

Front 55

parthogenesis

Back 55

asexual reproduction - bees and aunts

development of unfertilized egg into adult

Front 56

alternation of generations

Back 56

occurs in asexual reprod of plants

2N (sporophyte) --> N (gametophyte) --> 2N ....