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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three moguls on the left side of the heart?
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1st- aortic knob
2nd- main pulmonary artery 3rd- left ventricle **if there is left atrial hypertrophy, the left atrial appendage is a mogul. it is located between the main pulmonary artery and the left ventricle. |
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how do the left and right ventricles relate to the sternum in a CT scan?
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The right ventricle is closer and more anterior. The left ventricle is more posterior and more to the left laterally.
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What is the most posterior of the valves?
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Mitral valve. It is J or C shaped.
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What are the 4 T's of superior mediastinal mass?
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Thyroid,
teratoma, thymoma, terrible lymphoma |
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What are the findings of Congestive Heart Failure?
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-increased heart size
-large hila with indistinct margins -cephalization of flow (superior pulm vein prominence) -pleural effusion -Kerley B lines -alveolar edema -peribronchial cuffing |
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What are kerley B lines?
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small, thin opacities perpendicular to chest wall. they are peripheral to the pleura, and they represent lymphatic fluid
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what is peribronchial cuffing?
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excess fluid or mucus buildup in the small airway passages of the lung causes localized patches of atelectasis (lung collapse). This causes the area around the bronchus to appear more prominent on an xray.
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What causes mitral stenosis?
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almost always caused by rheumatoid disease. in mitral stenosis, the left atrium dilates (LV normal), there's increased pulmonary venous pressure.
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What does the x-ray of mitral stenosis look like?
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-normal/slightly larger cardiothoracic diameter
-straightening left heart border -enlarged atrial appendage, causing convexity of left heart border. -small aortic knob from decreased cardiac output -double density of left atrial enlargement |
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What are some causes of aortic stenosis?
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-rheumatic fever
-aging -subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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What are some xray findings of aortic stenosis?
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-large LV
-dilated aorta -aortic valve calcification |
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What does pericardial effusion look like?
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WATER BOTTLE CONFIGURATION
-normal fluid volume is 20cc -pericardial effusion is 200cc |
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What is Dressler's Syndrome?
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-combo of pleural effusion and pericardial effusion
-develops 2 to 8 weeks AFTER MI |
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Name direct ways of imaging coronary arteries
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-cardiac calcium scoring
-coronary CTA or MRA -coronary arteriography |
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Name indirect ways of imaging coronary arteries
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-nuclear imaging: cardiolite stress test
-ultrasound: stress echo |
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What is the gold standard for coronary artery imaging?
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heart catheterization with coronary arteriography. this is a direct method.
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What is the triple rule-out study for CTA?
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1. Coronary Artery Disease
2. Aortic Dissection 3. Pulmonary embolism |
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What are the limitations of coronary CTA?
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mad hard with irregular heart beat, metal clips, radiation exposure.
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What are some features of echography?
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it's indirect
-ultrasound -no radiation -does not directly image the coronary arteries -relies of wall motion abnormality -done before and after exercise. |
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What is sestamibi?
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a molecule taken up into the heart muscle's mitochondria. has radioisotope Tc 99M.used for cardiac muscle imaging.
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What are the different ways to evaluate heart chambers and valves?
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-heart catheterization
-cardiac echo -calcium scoring -nuclear imaging -cardiac MRI |
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What are the different ways to measure cardiac outlet (LVEF)
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-heart cath
-cardiac echo -nuclear imaging |
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What are the five basic radiographic densities?
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-air
-fat -soft tissue/liquid -minerals -metal |
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mnemonic for approaching an xray
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MD PLOTS
Mediastinum Diaphragm Pleura Lungs Osseous structures Trachea Stomach/soft tissues |
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Preferred xray positioning... PA or AP
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PA has less magnification because the heart is closer to the cassette.
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Name some findings in aortic dissection?
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-widened mediastinum
-extended aortic shadow -blurred aortic knob -aortic enlargement -double density aorta -deviated trachea |
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What are dilated cardiomyopathies?
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Dilated Cardiomyopathies:
progressive cardiac hypertrophy, dilation, and systolic dysfunction. They may be from a late stage myocarditis, or alcohol abuse, cobalt. |
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What are Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies?
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myocardial hypertrophy, abnormal diastolic filling, intermittent ventricular outflow obstruction. they are powerful, hyperkinetic contractions.
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