Cst Esol Prt 2

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Vygotsky

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Views language first as social communication, which gradually promotes both language itself and cognition.

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A person who begins to learn a second language after the onset of puberty...

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will likely find language learning more difficult and depend more o repetition

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Affective strategies

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LET
Lower your anxiety, take your emotional temperature

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Social strategies

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Asking questions, cooperating with others, empathizing with others.

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Interlanguage

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A strategy used by 2nd language learners to compensate for lack of proficiency

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Natural Approach

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Krashen & Terrell

Students can improve vocal through meaningful interaction/meaningful context

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Willig & Lee's 4 developmental stages

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1) Pre-production stage
2) Early production stage
3) The speech emergence stage
4) The intermediate fluency stage

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James Asher

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TPR

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LEA

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Langauge Experience Approach

Encourages spoken responses from LEP students after they are exposed to a variety of first-hand,sensory experiences.

Helps develop reading and writing skills by using their ideas and language

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CBI

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Content-based Instruction (sheltered instruction)

Integrates L2 acquisition and the basic content areas math, social studies, literature,

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HOw long does is take LEP to learn academic language

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5-7 years

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CALLA

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Chamot & O Malley

Cognitive academic language learning approach

helps intermediate and advanced students understand and retain content area material while they are improving their English language skills.

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Whole language approach

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Primary strategy is LEA, develops all 4 language skills

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Schema Theory

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Carrell & Eisterhold

schemas must be activated through activating background knowledge

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Jigsaw reading

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each group is assigned 1 reading or part of a reading which further requires them to work with other groups to combine their respective parts to make sense of the whole reading

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Instrumental motivation

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acquiring a 2nd language for a specific reason, such as a job

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Integrative motivation

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acquiring a second language to fulfill a wish to communicate within a different culture

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Bailey (facilitative anxiety)

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Anxiety that compels an individual to stay on task

not all anxiety is debilitative, some can be positive

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Acculturation

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process of becoming accustomed to the customs, language practices, and environment of a new culture.

affected by the learner's desire and ability to become a part of the dominant culture

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Schumann's model of acculturation

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The degree to which a learner acculturates to the target language group will control the degree to which he acquires the L2

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Schumann's social elements that affect acculturation process

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the L1 and L2 groups view each with mutual respect, have optimistic attitudes, and are compatible

both groups wish for the primary group to assimilate into the culture

both groups agree to share social services and conveniences

The L1 group wants to remain in the area beyond a temporary status

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Ways to learn idioms

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- Grouping them according to types of language use
- translating from native language into English
- create original idioms
- using visuals

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Empty language (perfunctory speech)

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has little meaning but is important is social exchanges

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Educational level of ELLS parents..

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has a great influence on literacy development

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Language achievement tests

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- Unit exams
- final exams

(relate directly to a specific curriculum or course of study)

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Diagnostic language tests

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Identify individual students' strength and weaknesses in language

(administered by speed therapists/psychologists)

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Attitudinal Bias

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negative attitude of an examiner towards a certain language/culture

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Test bias/norming bias

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excluding ELLs from school populate to obtain norm results

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A fair way to administer tests to ELLs

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Administer practice tests

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Bottom-up processing of listening

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listener analyzes the language to find out the intended meaning of the message.

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Top-down processing of listening

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Relies on listeners' bank of prior knowledge or global expectations.

- Involves prediction based on background knowledge

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Content schemata

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Familiarity with the topic, cultural knowledge and previous experience with a field

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Formal schemata

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people's knowledge of discourse forms: text types, rhetorical conversations, and structional organization of prose.

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Content and formal schemata

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hep listeners in comprehension

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Intensive listening

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Trying to understand all of the facts and information

(for writing a summary/listening to a lecture)

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Extensive listening

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Listening to overall content of a long-text

(watching a film or play)

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Language analysis tasks

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Language for perception
to analyze selected aspects of both language structure and language use.

(comprehension is secondary and emphasis is on aural perception)

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Language use tasks

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Language for comprehension

to get information and use it communicatively

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Krashen and Terrell

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Natural Approach

Students are introduced to new vocal through different experiences

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A good way to start developing comprehension skills?

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Explicit instruction in sounding out words

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The closer the phonologies of L1 and L2...

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the greater the literacy development in L2