Csd 315 Midterm

Front 1

Muscle of Inspiration: Diaphragm

Back 1

Origin: Sternal (Xiphoid process), Costal (Ribs 7-12), Vertebral (transverse process L1-L5)

Insertion: Central Tendon

Course: Superiorly & Medially

Function: Movement of respiration, contracts down for the purpose of breathing

Front 2

Acessory Thoracic muscle of inspiration: Internal Intercostal Muscles

Back 2

Origin: Inferior margin of ribs 1-11

Insertion: Superior surface of rib below

Course: Down & lateral

Function: Elevates ribs 1-11

Front 3

Accessory Thoracic muscle of inspiration: External Intercostal Muscles

Back 3

Origin: Inferior surface of ribs 1-11

Insertion: Upper surface of ribs immediately below

Course: down & obliquely in

Function: Elevates ribs

Front 4

Accessory Thoracic muscle of inspiration: Levator Costarum muscles Longus

Back 4

Origin: Transverse processes of T7 through T11

Insertion: bypasses rib below point of origin, inserting instead into the next rib

Course: Down & obliquely out

Function: elevates rib cage

Front 5

Muscles of Arm & Shoulder: Pectoralis Major Muscle

Back 5

Origin: Sternal head; length of sternum @ costal cartilages; clavicular head: anterior clavicle

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Course: fans laterally, converging @ humerus

function: elevates sternum, & subsequently increases transverse dimension of rib cage

Front 6

Muscles of Arm & Shoulder: Pectoralis Minor Muscle

Back 6

Origin: Anterior surface of ribs 2 through 5 near the chondral margin

Insertion: coracoid process of scapula

Course: up & laterally

Function: increases transverse dimension of rib cage

Front 7

Posterior thoracic Muscle:Serratus Posterior Superior

Back 7

Origin: C7, T1-T3

Course: inferior & lateral

Insertion: ribs 2-5 near angle

Function: thought to elevate ribs 2-5

Front 8

Muscles of Arm & Shoulder: Serratus Anterior muscle

Back 8

Origin: Ribs 1-9, lateral surface of the thorax

Course: up & back

Insertion: Inner vertebral border of scapula

Function: elevates ribs 1-9

Front 9

Muscles of Arm & Shoulder: Trapezius

Back 9

Origin: spinous processes of C2 to T12

Insertion: Acromion of scapula and superior surface of clavicle

Course: fans laterally

Function: elongates neck, controls head

Front 10

Accessory Thoracic muscle of inspiration: Erector Spinae Muscle

Back 10

Consists of 3 major types: Lateral (iliocostocervicalis) intermediate (longissmus), & medial (spinalis). each of these heads is further subdivided

Front 11

Thoracic muscles of expiration: Transversus Thoracis

Back 11

Origin: inner thoracic lateral margin of the sternum

Insertion: inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6

Course: laterally

function: depresses rib cage

Front 12

Anterolateral abdominal muscles: Rectus abdominis muscle

Back 12

Origin: originates as 4 or 5 segments at pubis inferiorly

Insertion: xiphoid process of sternum & the cartilage of ribs 5-7, lower ribs

Course: up to segment border

function: flexion of vertebral column

Front 13

Accessory Muscle of Neck: Sternocleidomastoid

Back 13

Origin: Mastoid process of the temporal bone

Course: Down

Insertion: superior manubrium sterni; clavicle

Function: elevates sternum & by association, rib cage

Front 14

Accessory muscle of neck: Scalenes

Back 14

group of 3 muscles deep in neck (anterior, medial, posterior)

Front 15

Abdominal Aponeurosis

Back 15

Linea alba (white line) runs from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis forming a midline structure for muscular attachment. Differentiates into 2 sheets of aponeurosis. Aponerotic wrapping comes back together to form another band of tendon, linea semilunaris. tendon divides again, but this time into 3 sheets which will provide a way to attach 3 more muscles

Front 16

Rectus Abdominis

Back 16

prominent midline muscles of abdominal region, originates at pubis inferiorly.

muscles is 'must' to succeed at sit-ups

Front 17

External Oblique

Back 17

Most superficial of ab muscles, as well as largest

Bilateral contraction flexes vertebral column & compresses abdomen, unilateral contraction results in trunk rotation

Front 18

Internal Oblique

Back 18

ASsists in rotation of the trunk, if unilaterally contracted, or flexion of the trunk, when bilaterally contracted.

Front 19

Transversus Abdominis muscle

Back 19

Deepest of the anterior abdominal muscles; compresses abdomen

Front 20

Quadratus Lumborum

Back 20

Basic Function: bilateral contraction fixes abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression

Front 21

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 21

For respiration, stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration

Front 22

Structure of Visceral respiratory system

Back 22

1. oral pharynx

2. Nasal pharynx

3. Laryngeal Pharynx

4. lungs

Front 23

Visceral & connective tissues that make up portion

Back 23

Visceral= smooth, connective tissue that makes up is epithelial cells

Front 24

Trachea

Back 24

Splits into 2 stems

tube has some structure or it will collapse entirely with changes in air pressure

fibrous membrane on inside & outside, joins between each ring to form intra-tracheal membrane

Front 25

Bronchi Trees

Back 25

Cartilaginous rings bound together fibroelastic tissue

purpose is airflow, gas exchange does not happen here

Front 26

4 division of bronchi Trees

Back 26

1. bronchial tubes

2. secondary branches (lobar)

3. Tertiary (segmental)

4. Bronchioles

Front 27

Lungs

Back 27

Composed of blood, arterial & venous network, connective tissue, respiratory pathway & alveoli

Right lung- 3 lobes

left lung- 2 lungs, accommodate space for heart

Front 28

Alveoli of lungs

Back 28

lungs contain over 300 million alveoli

located @ end of bronchi tree

Oxygen is absorbed from capillary network

CO2 transported out of alveoli

site of gas exchange

Front 29

Basic process of respiration/inhalation

Back 29

quiet inspiration: requires only 1 muscle

force inspiration: calls for many more muscle

thoracic muscles & diaphragm whose actions increases volume of thoracic cavity

Front 30

Basic process of expiration/exhalation

Back 30

abdominal muscle minimize vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity

thoracic & abdominal muscles pull rib cage & down

abdominal muscles most important

Front 31

Basic Components of respiratory membrane of the Alveoli

Back 31

Air-blood barrier composed of: alveolar & capillary walls, fused basal laminas

Alveolar walls: single layer of type 1 epithelial cells, permits gas exchange by simple diffusion, secrete angiotensin

Type II cells secret surfactant lining for the alveolus: important in proper lung function

Front 32

Pleural linkage

Back 32

Mechanism by which lungs 'linked' to thoracic wall

allows movement of rib cage to be transmitted to lungs

crucial to respiration:

parietal pleura- inner surface of thoracic cavity, including diaphragm.

visceral pleura- outer surface of lung

intrapleural space- fluid filled negative pressure region between parietal & visceral pleura

Front 33

Respiratory physiology

Back 33

structures involved in exchange of gas between blood & external environment.

Lungs

passageways leading to lungs

chest structures responsible for movement of air into and out of the lung

Front 34

Boyles Law & Newton's Law applied to respiration

Back 34

Rest- alveolar pressure= atmosphere pressure; no air movement

Inhalation- lung volume increased; alveolar pressure< atmosphere, air moves in

Exhalation- lung volume decreased; alveolar pressure> atmosphere pressure, air moves out