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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition: Assessment
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the systematic process of gathering information about an individual’s background, history, skills, knowledge, perceptions, and feelings
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What are the sources of information (for assessment)? (5)
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Chart review
Interview Observation Testing Instrumentation |
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What are the features of assessment protocol? (4)
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Sensitive (accurately identifies presence of problem)
Comprehensive (identifies all dimensions of the problem) Non-biased (accurately assesses performance regardless of race, gender, culture etc.) Family centered (allows others to share understandings about strengths and needs of the individual being tested |
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Diagnosis questions (3)
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Differential diagnosis: applying a label to the problem
Severity: places client on continuum Prognosis: what’s the future hold? |
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Diagnosis of a communication disorder
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person reflects an aspect of communication markedly discrepant from the general population
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Assessment is... (3)
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Assessment is an ongoing process; it does not end when treatment begins
Assessment is a part of treatment; treatment is a part of assessment Assessment is integral to monitoring a client’s progress, making decisions to modify one’s treatment plan, and determining when to discharge a client from treatment |
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What are norm referenced assessments?
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Norm referenced assessments compare the person’s performance with that of age-related peers
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What is the most popular norm references assessment test?
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Peabody Picture Vocabulary
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What are the intervention qualities (3)?
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Effectiveness: likelihood the intervention will have the expected outcome
Efficiency: Time it takes for the intervention to result in change. Adherence: Client’s implementation of an intervention prescribed by a professional |
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What is evidence based practice?
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Process by which clinician integrates theoretical, empirical, practical, and personal knowledge to arrive at the best plan of action for an individual client
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What is the test that every baby in the USA gets when he/she is born?
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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What are some alerts to potential language problems in babies?
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Parent-Infant Bonding Issues (poor eye contact, resistance to touch, difficult to “read” baby, “out of sync” P-I interactions, parent or child stressed)
Repeated ear infections (transient hearing loss) Poor eye contact “Quiet Baby” Unresponsive baby |
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What are red flags in babies/children?
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-Little or no babbling
-NO WORDS by age 12-15 months -Less that 100-200 words at age 24 months -Comprehension problems (direction following, question comprehension, etc.) -Limited social interaction or social avoidance -Ritualistic behaviors -Unintelligible speech |
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What are the classification of language disorders in children?
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Receptive, Expressive, or both
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There are formal assessments for (in children)...
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-Early Communication: receptive and expressive??
•Language: receptive and expressive?? •Vocabulary, concepts, memory, sequencing, etc.?? •Articulation/phonology •Feeding •Hearing •Pre-literacy •Syntax/morphology •Pragmatics |
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What are some Intervention Strategies for Single Word Development and Language Therapy?
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Real Items--NOT PICTURES
Multisensory and ACTIVE INTERACTIONS REPETITION, (K) ROUTINES, Daily RITUALS, Important to BABY, Functional, Activities of daily life, Specific to THAT FAMILY |
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What are the three R's for single word development and language therapy?
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Repetition, Routines, Rituals
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IDEA (Individuals w/Disabilities Education Act) Part C?
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0 to 2 years of age: Early Intervention in which services are delivered in the NATRUAL ENVIRONMENT WITH FAMILY-CENTERED SERVICES: IFSP (Individualized Family Service Plan) from IDEA
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IDEA (Individuals w/Disabilities Education Act) Part B?
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3 years and above: Public school provides services which families may choose to augment privately (IEP, individual education plan)
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what Intervention Implications are used?
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Referencing: cultures, experience, routines, every day activities
•Developmental Order •Functional words and activities IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS •Basic 2 word unit forms: be sure baby has the building blocks for this •Imitation (levels!!!!!!) •Multi-sensory •Practice •Collaboration with family and team •AUGMENTATIVE assistance |
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What does IDEA stand for?
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Individuals w/Disabilities Education Act
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Children with language disorders show a variety of problems including (10):
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-limited skills in understanding spoken language
-poor listening skills -limited understanding of word meanings limited expressive language skills -limited use or lack of morphologic features or elements of a language -limited use of sentence structures (syntactic) -inappropriate use of language -deficient use of language that has been learned -limited conversational skills -limited skills in narrating |
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Language disorders in children who have a language impairment but are otherwise developing normally are called:
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specific language impairment (SLI)
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The sequence of treatment (6 steps):
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1. Vocalization
2. Individual Words 3. Phrases (formed out of words taught) 4. Simple sentences 5. Complex sentences 6. Conversational speech, including pragmatic skills |
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What are the steps of the communication process?
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• Concept
• linguistic encoding o expressive • transmission • linguistic decoding o receptive • Concept |
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What is pragmatics?
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• reasons for communicating (requesting, protesting, describing or entertainment, expressing pain/discomfort, commenting, relating, etc) (indirect request = manipulative second-hand)
• rules that govern how we communicate |
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What is semantics?
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words; vocabulary
• how words relate to each other • pragmatics govern semantics |
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What is syntax?
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rules that govern word order
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Hallmark of language disorder is children is:
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grammar
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What is a language impairment (3)?
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o Form (syntax, morphology, phonology)
o content (semantics) = what words do I choose? o use (pragmatics) = how we use our language |
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what is Question-Answer Relationship Technique (QART)?
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Identifying question types to improve ability to answer questions
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What is Type 1 of QART?
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Type 1 – Right there (put finger on answer)
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What is Type 2 of QART?
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Type 2 – Think and Search (connect dots of information)
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What is Type 3 of QART?
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Type 3 – Author and You (clues to find answer)
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What is Type 4 of QART?
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Type 4 – On My Own (no clues, just using my own knowledge)
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What is Reading?
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Reading is the product of decoding (word recognition) and language comprehension
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What is word attack?
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using skills to identify unknown words (more important in early reading)
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What are two components of reading?
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Components of Reading:
• Decoding o Word attack – using skills to identify unknown words (more important in early reading) • Knowledge of the alphabetic principle • Correspondence between letters and sounds • Rules of phonics o Sight word recognition – ability to recognize words automatically (more important in later reading) • Goal of decoding Components of Reading • Comprehension o Literal –on the page o Inferential –between the lines o Critical – evaluation of content |
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What is metacognition in reading?
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ability to pay attention and monitor when reading to know if comprehension is present, and if not, figure out strategies to comprehend better.
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True or Fase?
Poor readers are usually poor spellers; poor spellers may or may not be poor readers |
True
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True or False?
Poor readers generally have difficulty with writing |
True
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What is phonological awareness?
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• # of sounds in words
• Order or position of sounds in words • Sound substitution in words • Sound omissions in words • Sound blending in words • Analysis of sounds in words |
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Literacy:
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reading and writing skills
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emergent literacy:
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early skills related to reading and writing in preschoolers
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phonics:
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method of teaching reading to children by pointing out letter-sound correspondence
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phoneme:
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smallest element of oral language that makes a difference in meaning
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grapheme:
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smallest element of written language (e.g. letters of the alphabet)
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phonological awareness:
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awareness of phonemes, syllables, words, and so forth; skills in manipulating them
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onset:
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the initial consonant or consonant cluster of the syllable or word
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rhyming:
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similar sounds in words that rhyme when spoken
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reading:
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form of verbal behavior evoked by printed stimuli, also "decoding" of printed words and sentences
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writing:
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form of verbal behavior that creates printed material
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T or F?
Poor oral language skills may lead to reading and writing problems |
True
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Reading disabilities are found in almost ______% of children who have language disorders.
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60%
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What are the two features of autism that Kenner emphasized?
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“insistence of sameness” or “resistance to change”
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What category WERE autism spectrum disorders in?
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pervasive developmental disorders
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Characteristics of autism (5):
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1) Lack of desire to relate to people, including parents
2) a preference for solitude over social contact 3) a tendency to self-injure 4) a preference for constant environmental arrangement 5) a tendency to engage in apparently meaningless, repetitive activities |
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Speech and language characteristics of autism (10):
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1) an early preference for nonhuman sounds
2) delayed acquisition of language 3) reluctance to use the language the child has learned 4) marked difficulty in learning words that express emotion 5) difficulty in generalizing word meanings 6) echolalia 7) pronoun reversal 8) short, simple sentences 9) telegraphic speech 10) wrong word order |
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autism is associated with IQs of ______ or lower:
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70
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what is a syndrome?
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a constellation of symptoms that, taken together, suggest a distinct clinical condition. Syndromes may be inherited, congenital (not inherited), or even environmentally induced.
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What WERE the disorders within pervasive developmental disorders?
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-Autism Spectrum Disorder
-Rett's Syndrom -Asperger's Disorder -Childhood Disintigrative Disorder -Pervasive Developmental Disorder--Not Otherwise Specified |
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Who was the first "child psychiatrist" in the united states and when did he first describe autism?
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Dr. Leo Kanner, in 1943
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What are the new diagnostic guidelines under DSM-V concerning autism and pervasive developmental disorder classifications?
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Autism spectrum disorder: Deficits in social communication and in social interaction; and restricted , repetitive patterns of behavior, interest, or activities; which cause significant impairment in daily functioning
New criteria eliminate use of Pervasive developmental disorder and the three conditions under it, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) and Asperger syndrome (AD), and PDD-NOS |
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What are the estimated numbers for autism?
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1.3 cases per 1,000 for autism strictly
and Between 3 and 6 per 1,000 children for individuals with PDD or ASD |
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dementia:
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an illness of the brain resulting in impairments in multiple spheres of cognition and impairments and daily activities (lecture definition)
and a neurological syndrom associated with persistent or progressive deterioration in intellectual functions (book definition) |
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Alzheimer's:
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a progressive neurodegenerative illness leading to increasing impairments in multiple spheres of cognition, including memory
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What are the 7 diseases that are associated with dementia?
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1) Alzheimer's disease
2) Pick's disease 3) Huntington's disease 4) Parkinson's disease 5) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 6) HIV and AIDS 7) Vascular disorders that affect the cerebral blood supply |
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Intellectual and behavioral problems associated with dementia:
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- slow onset of progressive dementia; somewhat more sudden onset of reversible forms
- memory loss - impaired or lost reasoning or judgement - deterioration in daily living skills - delusions, hallucinations, emotional outbursts, paranoia - inappropriate or obscene social behavior - sleep disturbance, profound disorientation to space and time |
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Communication problems associated with dementia:
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- naming problems and paraphasia
- speech comprehension problems - picture description and narrative difficulties - difficulty maintaining topics of conversation progressively shrinking vocabulary - echolalia - lack of social etiquette - deteriorated reading and writing skills |
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Aphasia:
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An acquired impairment of language processes underlying receptive and expressive modalities caused by damage to areas of the brain.
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What are causes of aphasia?
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• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA): stroke
• Trauma • Tumor • Disease |
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*Cerebral Arteriosclerosis =
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hardening of the arteries
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Ischemic strokes make up _____% of strokes
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85%
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What are the two types of Ischemic strokes?
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Thrombosis: a stationary blockage due to clogged arteries which prevent blood flow (think hair in drain)
Embolism: traveling blockage lodges and blocks blood flow (think of funnel) |
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What are the signs of a stroke? Think FAST!
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does the Face look uneven?
does the Arm drift down? does Speech sound strange/slurred? Time to act quickly! Every second brain cells are dying |
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Stroke is ____ leading cause of death
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3rd
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What are the components of aphasia?
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Acquired, language modalities, damage to brain
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How is aphasia identified?
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Site of lesion
- Left brain damage= paralyzed right side, Speecch and language deficits, Right brain damage = paralyzed or weak left side of body, impulsive, neglect, visuo-spatial deficits (only 3%) Behavioral symptoms |
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What are the behavioral symptoms of aphasia?
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Anomia
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Difficulty with word finding is…
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Anomia
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Difficulty with reading...
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Alexia
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What are the three varieties of paraphrasia?
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1) phonemic paraphrasia (sounds like...)
2) verbal paraphrasia (words of related meaning) 3) neologism (making up words) |
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The omission of grammatical elements (telegraphic speech):
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agrammatism
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somewhat fluent but irrelevant or meaningless speech, often filled with neologistic words:
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jargon
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What are the types of language comprehension problems, Asnosias?:
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Auditory verbal agnosia = person can hear but cannot recognize word
Visual agnosia = person cannot tell what something is by looking at it (may need to feel it to know) |
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In 1861, ______ had a patient who was nonfluent. French physician
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Paul Broca
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In 1874, _________ had a patient who was fluent. German physician
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Carl Wernicke
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fluent aphasia:
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Wernicke’s
Conduction Anomic |
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nonfluent aphasia:
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Broca’s
Global Transcortical motor aphasia |
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What are the two broad categories of the Boston Diagnostic Classification system?
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fluent and non fluent aphasia
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Specifics of Wernicke's aphasia
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Site of Lesion: superior and posterior temporal lobe
•Behavioral Characteristics –Fluency and Motor Output •Normal prosody and articulation •Logorrhea with limited meaningful content •Decreased self-monitoring or awareness of verbal output |
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what is prosody?
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melody, intonation,"", and rhythm of speech
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What is logorrhea?
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talking excessively
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What is circumlocution?
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talking around a word they can not retrieve
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Conduction Aphasia
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Conduction aphasia
•Site of Lesion: temporal-parietal region (arcuate fasciculus) •Behavioral Characteristics –REPETITON and reading aloud are the primary difficulties –aware of errors |
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Where is the angular gyrus?
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The angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus;
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Anomic aphasia:
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Site of Lesion: poorly localized lesion angular gyrus
Behavioral Characteristics -May use INDEFINITE (a, an, the) words -Good comprehension |
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Broca's aphasia
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Site of lesion: anterior left frontal lobe
•Behavioral Symptoms –Fluency and Motor Control: •Slow rate •Labored speech •Agrammatical speech •Intact self-monitoring and aware of spoken language •Mostly motor problems |
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Global aphasia:
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Site of Lesion: multiple (frontal, temporal, parietal)
Behavioral Symptoms Deficits across all language modalities Nonverbal Limited gestures Poor comprehension |
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Comprehensive aphasia batteries (assessments):
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Boston Assessment of Severe Aphasia (BASA)
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) Kentucky Aphasia Test (KAT) Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia (MTTDA) |
