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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The brainstem is continuous with the __________ _________, attached posteriorally to the ____________, and attached rostrally to the _______________ (between brain).
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spinal cord
cerebellum diencephalon |
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The brain stem plays a vital role in basic ___________, _________, and ___________. Information to and from our body _________ __________ the brain stem on the way to or from the ___________.
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attention
arousal consciousness passes through brain |
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The brain stem controls what autonomic functions?
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breathing
heart rate blood pressure |
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Name the three portions that make up the brain stem.
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midbrain
pons medulla oblongata |
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The brainstem also contains a cavity filled with _____ called the _________ _________.
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CSF
fourth ventricle |
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The pyramid, which contains the _________ __________ (also called _________ ___________), is located in the __________.
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pyramidal tract
corticospinal tract medulla |
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The pyramidal tract is composed of _______ passing from the cell bodies in the _________ down to the _________ ________. These tracts cross over (__________) at the _________, which is where the ___________ of fibers cross to the other side.
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axons
cortex spinal cord decussate medulla |
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The medulla is also the site of many of the automatic functions for the body such as?
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sweat glands
heart rate blood pressure respiration |
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Because of the crossover at the medulla, much of the __________ from the right side of the _________ goes to the _______ side of the body and vice versa. The medulla is also the site of _______ for cranial nerves __-__.
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output
cerebrum left nuclei 6-12 |
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The pons contains which cranial nerve nuclei?
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4 (at the midbrain pons junction)
5 |
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The brain stem serves as a ____________ for the descending and ascending _________ ________ that travel between the _________ and _______ _______.
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passageway
neural tracts cerebrum spinal cord |
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The brain stem controls certain integrative and reflexive actions such as?
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respiration
consciousness some functions of the cardiovascular system |
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The cerebellum is attached to the dorsal surface of the ______. The surface is highly ____________. It consists of ________ and _________ matter. It accounts for approximately ____% of total brain ________, but contains more __________ than the rest of the brain combined.
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pons
contoured grey white 10 weight neurons |
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The primary functions of the cerebellum are to coordinate ___________ ____________ (including _________), be responsible for __________ __________, tone, balance ______________, and posture. It __________ out and ___________ precise timing among muscles.
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voluntary movements
speech muscle coordination equilibrium smooths synchronizes |
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How does the cerebellum achieve its primary functions?
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through inhibition of neurons
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List 7 possible impairments resulting from cerebellar lesions.
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ataxia
hypotonia cerebellar gait intention tremor dysdiadochokinesia dysmetria dysarthria |
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What information is processed in the cerebellar hemispheres?
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ipsilateral arm and hand movements, also leg and foot movements
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In the cerebellum, what is responsible for posture-coordination of the head, neck, and trunk?
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the vernix
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The cerebellum participates in motor _________, motor __________, and movement __________ by automatically __________ and __________ information with ____________ mechanisms.
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learning
memory execution regulating integrating sensorimotor |
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Without cerebellar input, cortically-mediated movements are ________ and not as __________.
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jerky
accurate |
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The cerebellum has ____________ organization rather than ____________ - so effect of an insult is seen on the ________ side of the body as the _________.
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ipsilateral
contralateral same lesion |
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Because of the _____________ of the cerebellum, a _________ on the right side of the cerebellum leads to _____________ on the right side of the body, and the _______ goes for the left.
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pathways
lesion symptoms same |
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List some signs of cerebellar dysfunction.
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ataxia
dysdiadochokinesia dysarthria dysmetria intention tremor hypotonia rebounding disequilibrium |
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List some etiologies of cerebellar dysfunction.
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CVA
toxicity progressive cerebellar degeneration (most common is Friedreich ataxia) |
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List the four divisions of the diencephalon.
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thalamus
hypothalamus epithalamus subthalamus |
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What are the 2 primary divisions of the diencephalon?
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thalamus
hypothalamus |
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Which division of the diencephalon plays a major role in sensory processing and integrating thought, emotion, consciousness along with cerebral cortex?
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thalamus
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Which division of the diencephalon is the major integrating structure for visceral functioning and endocrine control?
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hypothalamus
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Which division of the diencephalon controls the autonomic nervous system?
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hypothalamus
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Which division of the diencephalon has both limbic (emotional function) and endocrine functions?
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epithalamus
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Which division of the diencephalon is involved in the motor system?
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subthalamus
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Destruction of which division of the diencephalon results in involuntary, pronounced flailing motor movements, especially in the arms?
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subthalamus
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Which division of the diencephalon contains a tall, narrow, midline space called the third ventricle that is filled with CSF?
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subthalamus
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The thalamus functions as what?
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a relay center
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The thalamus channels _________ information to the __________ ___________. Specific to _______, taste, temperature, _________, and vision - sends to ___________ ______________ areas of _________ ___________.
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sensory
cerebral cortex pain audition primary sensory cerebral cortex |
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The thalamus integrates _____________ information. Info from the ____ and ______________ is integrated and then ____________ to primary __________ ___________.
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sensoriomotor
BG cerebellum transmitted motor cortices |
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The thalamus regulates functions related _______, _________, and ___________ from ____________ cortices.
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speech
language cognition association |
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The thalamus lies beneath the ________. The _________ ___________ separates the two.
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cortex
third ventricle |
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On a midsaggital cut, ________ _________ and _________ ________ are superior; __________ is inferoior/anterior, _________ _______ is posterior (gland important in _________ ________).
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lateral ventricle
corpus callosum hypothalamus pineal gland diurnal rhythm |
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The thalamus is made up of masses of _________. Each are ________ and contribute to specific ___________ and serve specific ____________ ___________.
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nuclei
named functions anatomical regions |
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Each thalamic half is divided into what three tierd of nuclei?
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medial
lateral ventral (anterior) |
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Which thlamic nuclei tier is the largest with the most subdivisions?
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lateral nuclei
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Certain nuclei in the thalamus are responsible for ___________ information and some are responsible for ____________ information.
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receiving
distributing |
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The hypothalamus integrates ___________ and ___________ function and couples them to __________.
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autonomic
endocrine behavior |
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List the basic physiological processes that the hypothalamus regulates.
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blood pressure and composition
body temperature energy metabolism reproduction stress responses |
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What is a group of interconnected neurons found in the brain stem and wired to nuclei in the thalamus and spinal cord?
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reticular formation
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The __________ circuits of the reticular formation _______, ________, __________, and __________ all cortical functions and __________ all sensorimotor stimuli with internally generated __________, _________, and _____________.
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neuronal
inhibit facilitate modify regulate integrate thoughts emotions cognitions |
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What is responsible for regulating visceral, sensorimotor and neuroendocrine activities such as sleep, blood pressure, posture, and movement, emotions, mood, and cognition?
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reticular formation
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What is responsible for arousal and consciousness?
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reticular activating system (RAS)
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