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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
program
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set of instructions that a computer follows to complete a task (software)
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programmer
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person who can design, create and test computer programs (software developer)
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hardware
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the physical devices that make up a computer
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central processing unit (CPU)
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the part of the computer that actually runs programs
most important component without it cannot run programs used to be a huge device |
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microprocessors
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CPUs located on small chips
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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
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arithmetic operations and logical operations
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control unit
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supervises activities of hardware, oversees instruction hardware
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main memory (Random Access Memory)
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where computer stores a program while program is running, and data used by the program
divided into many memory locations, locations have a unique address data and instructions are stored in one or more consecutive memory locations random: information is found by address |
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volatile memory:
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contents are erased when computer is turned off
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secondary storage
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can hold data for long periods of time
flash memory, disk drive |
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input
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data the computer collects from other devices or people
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output
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data produced by the computer for other people or devices
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output device
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formats and presents output. i.e. printer
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application software
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programs that make computer useful for everyday tasks
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system software
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programs that control and manage basic operations of a computer
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assembly language
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uses short words (mnemonics) for instructions instead of binary numbers
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assembler
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translates assembly language to machine language for execution by CPU
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low-level language
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close in nature to machine language i.e. assembly language
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high-level language
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allows simple creation of powerful and complex programs, closer to english, i.e. python
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key words
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predefined words used to write program in high-level language
each word has a specific meaning |
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operators
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perform operations on data
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syntax
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set of rules to be followed when writing programs
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statement
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individual instruction used in high-level language
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compiler
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translates high-level language program into separate machine-language program
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interpreter
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translates and executes instructions in high-level language program
-used by python language -interprets one instruction at a time |
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source code
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statements written by programmer
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syntax error
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prevents code from being translated
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program development cycle:
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design the program
write the code correct syntax errors test the program correct logic errors |
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algorithm
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set of well-defined logical steps that must be taken to perform a task; step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
-done in a finite amount of time -done with a finite amount of data -clear and unambiguous |
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structured algorithm
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one broken down into cohesive tasks
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pseudocode
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informal language that has no syntax rule
not meant to be compiled of executed used to create model program |
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flowchart
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diagram that graphically depicts the steps in a program
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sequential operations
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instructions are executed in order
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conditional operations
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"question asking" operations-a control structure that asks a true/false question and then selects the next instruction based on the answer
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iterative operations (loops)
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a control structure that repeats the execution of a block of instructions
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IDLE
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Integrated development program
single program that provides tools to write, execute and test a program |
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semantic errors
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programming structure is valid, but logic is not. program will run but output will not be correct
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function
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piece of prewritten code that performs an operation;
group of statements within a program that perform a specific task |
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print function:
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displays output on the screen
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argument
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data given to a function; piece of data that is sent into a function (sometimes referred to as the actual parameter)
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string
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sequence of characters that is used as data
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string literal
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string that appears in actual code of a program
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comment
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starts with the symbol # and extends to the end of the line. Ignored by Python interpreter; intended for a person reading the program's code
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documentation string:
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a 'triple quoted' string at the beginning of a program
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variable
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name that represents a value stored in the computer memory
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variable naming rules
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cannot contain spaces
first character must be a letter or an underscore after first character may use letters, digits, or underscores case sensitive |
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assignment operation
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=
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namespace
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the table that contains the association of a name with a value
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data types
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categorize value in memory
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numeric literal
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number written in a program
no decimal point-int decimal-float |
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math operator
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tool for performing calculation
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operands
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values surrounding operator
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exponent operator
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** raises a number to a power
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remainder operator
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% performs division and returns the remainder
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byte
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just enough memory to store letter or small number
8 bits |
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bit
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electrical component that can hold positive or negative charge, like on/off switch
represents two values |
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digital
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describes any device that stores data as binary numbers
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modularized program
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program wherein each task within the program is in its own function
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top-down design
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technique for breaking the algorithm into functions
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function naming rules
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cannot use key words
cannot contain spaces first character must be a letter or underscore all other characters must be a letter, number or underscore case sensitive |
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function definition
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specifies what a function does
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function header
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first line of function
keyword def and function name followed by parentheses and colon |
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block
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set of statements that belong together as a group
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main function
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called when the program starts
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local variable
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variable that is assigned a value inside a function
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scope
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the part of a program in which a variable may be accessed
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global variable
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created by assignment statement written outside all the functions
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global constant
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global name that references a value that cannot be changed
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design structure
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specific actions performed only if a condition exists
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boolean expression
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expression tested by if statement to determine if it is true or false
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relational operator
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determines whether a specific relationship exists between two values
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dual alternative decision structure
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two possible paths of execution
if-else statement one is taken if the condition is true, and the other if the condition is false |
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if-elif-else statement
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special version of a decision structure
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logical operators
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operators that can be used to create complex Boolean expressions
and: both must be true or: one must be true not: reverses the truth of its Boolean operand |
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Boolean variable
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references one of two values, True of False
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flag
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variable that signals when some condition exists in a program
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