Criminal Justice Final Exam

Front 1

Much of what we know about crime is shaped by a typical, sensational incident because our perception of criminals are based largely on:

Back 1

Media portrayals

Front 2

A person is _______ times more likely to die of a heart attack than to die as a homicide victim.

Back 2

35

Front 3

President __________ called the first national commission on crime.

Back 3

Johnson

Front 4

The legislative decision to change a crime into a non-criminal act is referred to as

Back 4

Decriminalization.

Front 5

Prostitution is an example of what type of crime?

Back 5

A victimless crime.

Front 6

Violent crime has _________ in the 1990¿s, but a national poll shows the American public believes crime is on the ___________.

Back 6

decreased; increase

Front 7

The criminal justice system can be described as a system because:

Back 7

Anything done by one criminal justice agency affects other parts of the system.

Front 8

The due process clause appears in which of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution?

Back 8

5th

Front 9

What is it called when a person or group is unfairly blamed and punished for crimes?

Back 9

Scapegoating.

Front 10

Emile Durkheim, writing in 1895, observed that crime is present not only in the majority of societies of one particular species but in all societies of all types. He pointed out that there is no society that is not confronted with the problem of criminality. This concept is known as:

Back 10

The universality of crime.

Front 11

The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. This amendment was enforced by the ___________ Act.

Back 11

Volstead

Front 12

True/False
The first police appeared in the United States in the period before the Civil War. These first police were created to bring order to the increasingly disorderly cities.

Back 12

True

Front 13

Laws that punish actions that violate the common good are called _________ laws.

Back 13

criminal

Front 14

Social expectations about what constitutes appropriate behavior is called a:

Back 14

Norm.

Front 15

Rudeness is an example of a:

Back 15

Deviant act.

Front 16

Sanction can be used as a synonym for:

Back 16

Punishment.

Front 17

Acts considered wrong by the very nature of the act are called ___________ offenses.

Back 17

mala in se

Front 18

Acts considered undesirable, such as adultery and fornication are categorized as ____________ offenses.

Back 18

morality

Front 19

Crimes that are considered a threat to the government are ___________ crimes.

Back 19

political

Front 20

Regulatory offenses are usually activities of a ____________ that threatens health, safety, or welfare.

Back 20

business

Front 21

The __________ view of crime sees crime as a moral failure in decision making.

Back 21

ethical

Front 22

Cesare Beccaria is associated with the __________ school of criminology.

Back 22

classical

Front 23

A more scientific study of the causes of crime followed the classical school of criminology. It is known as the ___________ school of criminology.

Back 23

positivist

Front 24

The individual who is often cited as the first positivist and incorrectly referred to by some as the father of criminology is ____________.

Back 24

Cesare Lombroso

Front 25

In the conflict view of crime:

Back 25

The criminal is a reflection of the will of those in power that criminalizes behavior that threatens the interests of the powerful.

Front 26

Question 14 text An example of learning theory use to explain criminal behavior was the work of Edwin Sutherland. His theory is known as ___________________.

Back 26

Differential association.

Front 27

The idea that crime can be deterred by punishment is associated with which of the following theories?

Back 27

Classical Criminology.

Front 28

More equitable distribution of power and wealth in society, so that all individuals have greater stake in a better society is associated with which of the explanations?

Back 28

Structural.

Front 29

Who developed the idea of atavism that suggested that "born criminals" were biological throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution?

Back 29

Cesare Lombroso

Front 30

Routine activities theory is presented by _________.

Back 30

Marcus Felson

Front 31

Labeling theory depends less on the behavior of the delinquent than:

Back 31

How others respond to the delinquent act.

Front 32

The theory developed by Walter White that suggests that career criminals are irresponsible, self-indulgent, and rule breaking in almost every area of their lives is called:

Back 32

Cognitive theory.

Front 33

The most common explanations of crime are:

Back 33

Sociological explanations.

Front 34

____________ explanations of crime look at environmental influences that affect the way people behave.

Back 34

Sociological

Front 35

A prescribed remedy for crime that suggests prevention, and education on how to avoid becoming a victim is associated with:

Back 35

Rational choice theory.

Front 36

Question 24 text An explanation of crime that suggests that crime results from the lack of access to legitimate means of achieving goals is called:

Back 36

Blocked opportunity theory.

Front 37

Question 25 text Criminal _____________ lead to different forms of deviance that result when youths cease to adhere to middle-class standards.

Back 37

subcultures

Front 38

Freda Adler, in her 1975 book, Sisters in Crime, argued that women would have higher rates of crime:

Back 38

If women had the same opportunities in business, education, and government

Front 39

Question 28 text A police crackdown of a specific geographic area to make drug arrests is called a:

Back 39

Police sweep.

Front 40

ADAM is a program in thirty-five cities that:

Back 40

Measures the per cent of arrestees who test positive for drugs in the thirty-five cities.

Front 41

Crime of violence make up les than ______% of all crimes as measured by the FBI¿s Uniform Crime Report

Back 41

15

Front 42

Murder and manslaughter are both

Back 42

Criminal homicides.

Front 43

What is the difference between murder and manslaughter?

Back 43

Manslaughter is a mitigated murder. It involves causing death recklessly, or intentionally under extenuating circumstances.

Front 44

What is the leading cause of criminal homicides?

Back 44

Killings from arguments, romantic triangles, and drug-or alcohol-influenced brawls

Front 45

The difference between assault and aggravated assault is:

Back 45

The mental state of the offender.

Front 46

The difference between robbery and theft:

Back 46

Is that robbery is a theft from the person by force or intimidation.

Front 47

Which crime is the most commonly committed crime?

Back 47

Theft

Front 48

Which of the following crimes in not one of the index crimes in the Uniform Crime Reports?

Back 48

Kidnapping

Front 49

What is the primary flaw in the accuracy of the FBI¿s Uniform Crime Reports?

Back 49

Many crimes go unreported to the police.

Front 50

In addition to a measurement of crime, the UCR also provides a measurement of ___________ by police.

Back 50

Arrests.

Front 51

The crime rate is a measurement of the relationship of crime to ___________.

Back 51

Population

Front 52

How do you explain a situation where the number of robberies increase but the robbery rate decreases?

Back 52

The increase in the population is greater than the increase in the number of robberies.

Front 53

Which of the following is the oldest measurement of crime in the United Sates?

Back 53

UCR

Front 54

Question 22 text Which of the following is not an explanation of the difference between the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey?

Back 54

he UCR and the NCVS are both considered official measurements of crime in the United States.

Front 55

The National Incident Based Reporting System will expand the number of criminal incidents, as well as more complete information, on the __________ incidents measured as opposed to the eight measured in the Uniform Crime Reports.

Back 55

22

Front 56

What is a self report study?

Back 56

A self report study is a measurement of crime from interviews with victims of crime.

Front 57

The younger the person, the _________ the likelihood of becoming a victim of a violent crime.

Back 57

greater

Front 58

The risk of criminal victimization drops after the age of:

Back 58

25

Front 59

What is the crime for which women are most likely to be arrested?

Back 59

larceny

Front 60

The income group most like to be the victim of a burglary is the group whose income is:
Question 11 answers

Back 60

Less than $15,000

Front 61

Which group have the highest per capita rate of violence of any ethnic group.

Back 61

Native Americans

Front 62

Which group have the lowest victimization rates.

Back 62

Asian Americans

Front 63

Which of the following groups has the highest arrest rate?

Back 63

White Americans

Front 64

Men are ________ likely to be the offender in crimes of violence between partners and women are _________ likely to be victims of these crimes.

Back 64

most; least

Front 65

Question 4 text Women are equally likely to be the victim of a __________ crime as men.

Back 65

Property

Front 66

Courts of general jurisdiction are also known as ___________ courts.

Back 66

trial

Front 67

What is meant when the author of the text refers to the criminal justice system as a filter?

Back 67

The criminal justice system is a filter that screens out weak cases and filters through serious cases for disposition.

Front 68

he Fourth Amendment provides protection from:

Back 68

Unreasonable search and seizure.

Front 69

The Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution stated that no state shall deprive a person of ____________.

Back 69

due process of law

Front 70

In order to obtain a warrant you need:

Back 70

Probable Cause

Front 71

A _________ is a written notice to appear in court.

Back 71

summons

Front 72

What is a booking?

Back 72

Booking is the official record of an arrest.

Front 73

A __________ is bail posted by a bondsman on behalf of an arrestee.

Back 73

surety

Front 74

The defendant is asked to make a plea at the:

Back 74

Arraignment

Front 75

Bail is first set at the:

Back 75

Initial appearance

Front 76

According to the Fifth Amendment, all infamous crimes must be presented to:

Back 76

The grand jury

Front 77

A trial before a judge is called a __________ trial.

Back 77

bench

Front 78

___________ is another term used for a verdict of not guilty.

Back 78

Acquital

Front 79

Probation is a ________ while parole is a conditional release from prison.

Back 79

Sentence

Front 80

Once convicted an offender can __________ a case to a higher court.

Back 80

Appeal

Front 81

Prior to sentencing a presentence report provides information for the judge in the sentencing decision. The presentence report is completed by:

Back 81

The probation officer

Front 82

Which amendment to the constitution prohibits a defendant from being tried twice for the same crime?

Back 82

5th

Front 83

Which of the following has been given as a reason for unfairness in the American justice system.

Back 83

Fundamental safeguards such as probable cause and proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt are inadequate safeguards.