Criminal Justice Chapter 10-12

Front 1

Community corrections

Back 1

A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.

Front 2

Congregate system

Back 2

A penitentiary system, developed in Auburn, NY, in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence.

Front 3

Contract labor system

Back 3

A system under with inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employees who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution.

Front 4

Corrections

Back 4

The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

Front 5

Crime control model of corrections

Back 5

A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

Front 6

Enlightenment

Back 6

A movement during the 18th century in England and France in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

Front 7

Hands off policy

Back 7

Judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions.

Front 8

Jail

Back 8

An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours.

Front 9

Lease system

Back 9

A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor.

Front 10

Mark system

Back 10

A point system in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning “marks” or points through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.

Front 11

Medical model

Back 11

A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment.

Front 12

Penitentiary

Back 12

An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform.

Front 13

Prison

Back 13

An institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies.

Front 14

Reformatory

Back 14

An institution for young offenders that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

Front 15

Rehabilitation model

Back 15

A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy.

Front 16

Separate confinement

Back 16

A penitentiary system, developed in PA in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates. All activities including craft work, took place in the cells.

Front 17

Cooper v. Pate (1964)

Back 17

Prisoners are entitled to the protection of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and may challenge in federal courts the conditions of their confinement.

Front 18

Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)

Back 18

Before probation can be revoked, a two-stage hearing must be held and the offender provided with specific elements of due process. Requested counsel will be allowed on a case-by-case basis.

Front 19

Hudson v. Palmer (1984)

Back 19

Prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate any materials found.

Front 20

Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)

Back 20

Due process rights require prompt, informal, two-stage inquiry before an impartial hearing officer before parole may be revoked. The parolee may present relevant information and confront witnesses.

Front 21

Wolff v. McDonnell (1974)

Back 21

Basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made about imposing significant punishments for violating institutional rules.

Front 22

Classification

Back 22

The process of assigning an inmate to a category specifying his/her needs for security, treatment, education, work assignment, and readiness for release.

Front 23

Custodial model

Back 23

Assumes that prisoners have been incarcerated for the purpose of incapacitation, deterrence, or retribution. Emphasizes security, discipline, and order in subordinating the prisoner to the authority of warden. Discipline is strict, and most aspects of behavior are regulated. This model dominates most maximum-security institutions today.

Front 24

Inmate code

Back 24

The values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates’ idea of the model prisoner.

Front 25

Rehabilitation model

Back 25

Developed during 1950s. Emphasizes treatment programs designed to reform the offender. Security and housekeeping activities are viewed primarily as preconditions for rehabilitative efforts. Treatment programs still exist in most institutions, but few prisons conform to this model today.

Front 26

Reintegration model

Back 26

A model of a correctional institution that emphasizes maintaining the offender’s ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society.

Front 27

Boot camp

Back 27

A short-term institutional sentence, usually followed by probation, that puts the offender through a physical regimen designed to develop discipline and respect for authority. Also referred to as “shock incarceration.”

Front 28

Community service

Back 28

A sentence requiring the offender to perform certain amount of unpaid labor in the community.

Front 29

Day reporting center

Back 29

A community correctional center where an offender reports each day to comply with elements of a sentence.

Front 30

Fine

Back 30

A sum of money to be paid to the state by a convicted person as punishment for an offense.

Front 31

Forfeiture

Back 31

Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity.

Front 32

Home confinement

Back 32

A sentence requiring the offender to remain inside his/her home during specified periods.

Front 33

Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

Back 33

Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload.

Front 34

Net widening

Back 34

Process in which new sentencing options increase rather than reduce control over offenders’ lives.

Front 35

Recidivism

Back 35

A return to criminal behavior.

Front 36

Restitution

Back 36

Repayment in the form of money or services—by an offender to a victim who suffered some loss from the offense.

Front 37

Technical violation

Back 37

The probationer’s failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge), resulting in revocation of probation.