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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The basic computer system consists of? |
- Central processing unit (C.P.U) - System clock - Primary memory ( RAM - Random Access Memory) - Secondary memory (Hard disk) - Peripheral devices (input and output) |
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The CPU controls the transfer of data across the _____ The CPU is usually contained on what? The CPU consists of what 3 main parts? |
- The Bus - A single microprocessor chip - Control unit - Arithmetic logic unit - Registers |
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The Control directs the ____ cycle The ALU performs arithmetic and logical instructions on data stored in ______ The instruction cycle is also known as ___ |
- Directs the execution of instructions - Registers - The fetch, execute or fetch, decode and execute |
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Registers are _________ within the CPU Registers may contain what? The program counter (PC) contains? |
- Binary storage unit - Data - Instructions - Addresses - Status information - The address in memory of the current executing instruction |
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The status Register contains what? What does the system clock do? In a VON NEUMAN architecture, the RAM contains? In a Harvard architecture, the RAM contains? |
- Information about the result of the previous instruction - Generates a clock signal to synchronize the CPU and other devices. Measured in GHZ - Both data and programs (instructions) - Uses separate memories for data and programs |
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- What is a Bus? - A Bus is used to transfer information between _____ - A Bus is subdivided into what 3 categories? |
- A set of parallel data/signal lines - Computer components - Address: specifies a memory location - Data Bus: Bidirectional data transfer - Control bus: Used to control or monitor devices connected to the bus |
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What are the characteristics of a Secondary memory? Operands for an instruction comes from the ____ register Peripheral devices allows what? |
- Used to hold a computers file - Its non-volatile - Usually embodied on a hard disk drive - Accumulator - Communication between the computer and external devices |
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R.I.S.C stands for? C.I.S.C stands for? |
- Reduced Instruction Set Computer - Complex Instruction Set Computer |
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- List some characteristics of ARMv8 architecture - ______ translates assembly source code into machine code |
- Is a R.I.S.C - A load store machine - Uses a Von Neumann architecture for RAM - Assemblers (GNU) |
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What is the basic assembly language structure |
.global main main: stp x29, x30, [sp, - 16] ! mov x29, sp end: ldr x29, x30, [sp], 16 ret |
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Explain the madd ALU instruction |
Multiplies the first 2 source registers and adds the 3rd |
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- An N-bit register can hold _____ bit pattern - How do you negate a number? - All positive numbers will have _ in their leftmost bit, _ in the leftmost bit for negative numbers |
- 2^n - Toggle the numbers (0's to 1's vice versa) - Add one - 0, 1 |
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BITWISE OPERATIONS: - when anding what would result to a 1 - When or-ing what would result to a 0 - In EOR what would give you 1 |
- Only when anding 2 ones together would give a 1. everything thing else results to 0 - Only when you or 2 zeroes together, everything else results to 1 - Only when you have one of each together |
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Over occurs for the signed bit when xd, xn, or xm are ____ and _____ |
- 100 - 011 |
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- When a register is loaded from RAM the data is stored into the _____ - A stack frame is _____ into the stack when a function is called. And is _____ when the function returns |
- Low order bits - Pushed, popped |
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- The stack pointer always point to the top of the stack, however it _____ when the stack grows - The stack must be _____ aligned |
- Decrements - Quadword aligned (which means divisible by 16) |
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The frame pointer is used to point to ____ in the stack |
- Local variables |
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If frame record is not at an address evenly divisible by 16, it will abort with a ____ error |
- Bus error |
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How do you calculate or get to an array address |
- Base + (index * element size) |
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After a subroutine is called the return address is stored in the ____ |
link register |
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What is passed when pointer arguments are passed to a subroutine? |
- Addresses of the variable (stored in ram not register) |
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- What is the x8 register? - How do you use it? |
- The indirect result location register? - add x8, fp, address |
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_____ do not call any other subroutines |
- Leaf subroutines |
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- How are arguments passed into subroutines with 9 or more arguments - Each argument is allocated _____ bytes |
- Space is created in stack for it (passed into stack) - 8 bytes |
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Local variables are located in the _____ |
- Stack frame |
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The text section is a _____ only memory The data section is a _____ memory The bss (block starting symbol) is a _____ memory These 3 section are located in _______ just after the ______ |
- Read only - Read/write - Read/write - Zero initialized data - Low memory - Os kernel |
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- In C, strings are ______ - A string is an _______ |
- Null terminated - Array of characters |
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- Argc is ____ - Argv is _____ |
- Number of arguments - An array of pointers to the arguments |
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How are separate files compile together? |
- First they would have to be compiled into relocatable object codes - Secondly the object code can be linked together to create an executable using the ld( loader) invoked by gcc eg ****come back to this later**** gcc -c mymain.c as sum.s -o sum.o gcc mymain.o sum.o -o myprog |
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- What are the 4 types of input output? - Which one is used in this course? |
- Interrupt driven - Memory mapped - Port - System - System I/O |
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File I/O involves ____ |
Communicating with secondary memory |
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How do you open a file? |
mov w0, -100 mov x1, file name mov w2, (readonly , writeonly, read/write only) mov w3, 0 (not used) mov x8, openat call svc 0 |
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How do you read or write from/to a file? |
mov w0, fd add x1, fp, buf (where the bytes read are stored) mov x2, 8 (bytes read/written) mov x8, read request svc 0 |
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How do you close a file? |
mov w0, fd mov x8, close request svc 0 |
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Most cpu's now include _____ |
- Floating point unit's: When missing it is simulated in software, which may be slow |
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Floating point number stored in a fixed size register may only _______ |
- Approximate a real value |
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Single numbers are represented as? Double numbers are represented as? |
(-1)^s x 1.f x 2^(e - 127) (-1)^S x 1.f x 2^(e - 1023) |
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Floating point numbers use the low order 32 128 bits for single and double registers. The high order bits are reserved for ______ |
SIMD instructions |
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What is the largest number a floating point can hold? |
31 |
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Under machine instructions explain the following: - The R-type - The I-type - The D-type - The B-type - The CBI-type |
- R-type: Has opcode, 2 source registers, destination register and immd - I-type: Has opcode, immd, 1 source register, and a destination register - D-type: Has 2 opcodes, immd, 1 source register, and a register that acts as a source/destination register - B-type: Has opcode and immd - CBI-type: Has opcode, immd and condition |
